Operation Magement

PROBLEMS 1. Lead time for one of Montegut Manufacturing's fastest moving products is 4 days. Demand during this period averages 100 units per day. What would be an appropriate re-order point? Re-order point = demand during lead time = 100 units/day * 4 days = 400 units. 2. Montegut Manufacturing produces a product for which the annual demand is 10,000 units. Production averages 100 per day, while demand is 40 per day. Holding costs are $1. 00 per unit per year; set-up costs $200. 00. If they wish to produce this product in economic batches, what size batch should be used?What is the maximum inventory level? How many order cycles are there per year? How much does management of this good in inventory cost the firm each year? This problem requires economic order quantity, noninstantaneous delivery. [pic]or 1826 units. The maximum inventory level is [pic]or 1095 units. There are approximately [pic] cycles per year. Annual inventory management costs total [pic]= $2,190. 89 or $2,191. 3. C entral University uses $123,000 of a particular toner cartridge for laser printers in the student computer labs each year.The purchasing director of the university estimates the ordering cost at $45 and thinks that the university can hold this type of inventory at an annual storage cost of 22% of the purchase price. How many months' supply should the purchasing director order at one time to minimize the total annual cost of purchasing and carrying? First, calculate the EOQ from the data provided. In this problem, the â€Å"units† are dollars, and the â€Å"price† of each is 1. [pic] One month's usage is 123000/12 = $10,250. EOQ = 7094. Month’s usage = 7094/10250 = 0. 9, or about three week’s usage. (This is supported by the order frequency of 17 per year). 4. The soft goods department of a large department store sells 175 units per month of a certain large bath towel. The unit cost of a towel to the store is $2. 50 and the cost of placing an order has bee n estimated to be $12. 00. The store uses an inventory carrying charge of 27% per year. Determine the optimal order quantity, order frequency, and the annual cost of inventory management. If, through automation of the purchasing process, the ordering cost can be cut to $4. 0, what will be the new economic order quantity, order frequency, and annual inventory management cost? Explain these results. Annual demand is 175 x 12 = 2100. At S=$12, the EOQ is 273 units, and there are about 8 orders per year. Annual costs of inventory management are $184. 44. These results are detailed in the calculations below. [pic]; [pic] [pic] At S=$4, EOQ falls to 158, and order frequency rises to 13. Annual inventory management costs fall to $106. 48. The lower order cost encourages smaller, more frequent orders. pic]; [pic] [pic] 5. A printing company estimates that it will require 1,000 reams of a certain type of paper in a given period. The cost of carrying one unit in inventory for that period is 5 0 cents. The company buys the paper from a wholesaler in the same town, sending its own truck to pick up the orders at a fixed cost of $20. 00 per trip. Treating this cost as the order cost, what is the optimum number of reams to buy at one time? How many times should lots of this size be bought during this period?What is the minimum cost of maintaining inventory on this item for the period? Of this total cost, how much is carrying cost and how much is ordering cost? This is an EOQ problem, even though the time period is not a year. All that is required is that the demand value and the carrying cost share the same time reference. This will require approximately 3. 5 orders per period. Setup costs and carrying costs are each $70. 71, and the annual total is $141. 42. [pic]; [pic] Carrying cost =[pic]; setup cost = [pic] Operation Magement PROBLEMS 1. Lead time for one of Montegut Manufacturing's fastest moving products is 4 days. Demand during this period averages 100 units per day. What would be an appropriate re-order point? Re-order point = demand during lead time = 100 units/day * 4 days = 400 units. 2. Montegut Manufacturing produces a product for which the annual demand is 10,000 units. Production averages 100 per day, while demand is 40 per day. Holding costs are $1. 00 per unit per year; set-up costs $200. 00. If they wish to produce this product in economic batches, what size batch should be used?What is the maximum inventory level? How many order cycles are there per year? How much does management of this good in inventory cost the firm each year? This problem requires economic order quantity, noninstantaneous delivery. [pic]or 1826 units. The maximum inventory level is [pic]or 1095 units. There are approximately [pic] cycles per year. Annual inventory management costs total [pic]= $2,190. 89 or $2,191. 3. C entral University uses $123,000 of a particular toner cartridge for laser printers in the student computer labs each year.The purchasing director of the university estimates the ordering cost at $45 and thinks that the university can hold this type of inventory at an annual storage cost of 22% of the purchase price. How many months' supply should the purchasing director order at one time to minimize the total annual cost of purchasing and carrying? First, calculate the EOQ from the data provided. In this problem, the â€Å"units† are dollars, and the â€Å"price† of each is 1. [pic] One month's usage is 123000/12 = $10,250. EOQ = 7094. Month’s usage = 7094/10250 = 0. 9, or about three week’s usage. (This is supported by the order frequency of 17 per year). 4. The soft goods department of a large department store sells 175 units per month of a certain large bath towel. The unit cost of a towel to the store is $2. 50 and the cost of placing an order has bee n estimated to be $12. 00. The store uses an inventory carrying charge of 27% per year. Determine the optimal order quantity, order frequency, and the annual cost of inventory management. If, through automation of the purchasing process, the ordering cost can be cut to $4. 0, what will be the new economic order quantity, order frequency, and annual inventory management cost? Explain these results. Annual demand is 175 x 12 = 2100. At S=$12, the EOQ is 273 units, and there are about 8 orders per year. Annual costs of inventory management are $184. 44. These results are detailed in the calculations below. [pic]; [pic] [pic] At S=$4, EOQ falls to 158, and order frequency rises to 13. Annual inventory management costs fall to $106. 48. The lower order cost encourages smaller, more frequent orders. pic]; [pic] [pic] 5. A printing company estimates that it will require 1,000 reams of a certain type of paper in a given period. The cost of carrying one unit in inventory for that period is 5 0 cents. The company buys the paper from a wholesaler in the same town, sending its own truck to pick up the orders at a fixed cost of $20. 00 per trip. Treating this cost as the order cost, what is the optimum number of reams to buy at one time? How many times should lots of this size be bought during this period?What is the minimum cost of maintaining inventory on this item for the period? Of this total cost, how much is carrying cost and how much is ordering cost? This is an EOQ problem, even though the time period is not a year. All that is required is that the demand value and the carrying cost share the same time reference. This will require approximately 3. 5 orders per period. Setup costs and carrying costs are each $70. 71, and the annual total is $141. 42. [pic]; [pic] Carrying cost =[pic]; setup cost = [pic]

English- Short Story Analysis

Valenzuela Instructor English 101 17 September 2012 Discovering an Identity Self-deliberation arises quicker during the stresses of life. Breaking forth through these stresses comes from the realization that freedom is obtained through the willingness to welcome a new world, leaving behind the past. Mrs. Mallard comes in contact with the experience itself, as she receives news of her husband’s death, Brently Mallard, in an accident. Grieving this pain she encloses herself within the room of her home, knowing no one will follow behind her.Left alone, she embarks on a reflection of her past, realizing the breakage that lies behind her and willingly steps forth to accept the future that lies ahead, foreshadowing the brightness of the identity she longs to discover. In the short story, The Story of An Hour by Kate Chopin, the symbolism of the window’s images support the idea that personal freedom constructs ultimate peace with an identity. Through the use of symbolism, the window was seen to be an image of the possibilities beyond the life she had as a sense of freedom conveyed the very willpower that allowed for her to find an identity.Alone the window has a significance of presenting possibilities to the speaker. â€Å"There stood, facing the window, a comfortable, roomy armchair† (299). Noticing the emphasis of the window being in front of the chair shows a possible escape from the truth the speaker just witnessed. Being invited by a comfortable chair to look through the window only emphasizes more to the point that this sort of reflection is needed, and that through this escape she will feel the freedom at once when she feels alone with herself to wonder.Beyond the window reveals a preview of the life that would complete the image of the life that Mrs. Mallard seeks to obtain. â€Å"She could see in the open square before her house the tops of the trees that were aquiver with the new spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air † (299). As Mrs. Mallard spies through the window- â€Å"the open square†- she witnesses the liveliness of spring. Analyzing the context of spring, the idea of rebirth drives through the mind of the speaker, however the connotation of â€Å"spring† can be analyzed much further.Spring can be seen as the liveliness of youth such as the possibilities of exploring sexual freedom as she experiences the rebirth after the loss of her husband. Rain also holds connotations that point towards the ideas of rebirth; through this, Mrs. Mallard smelling the scents of rain reveals a sort of spiritual cleansing, as she reacts towards the death of her husband and reflecting upon it. Because the window presents these images of, symbolically, reliving life, Mrs.Mallard experiences and sees the possibilities that face her ahead of time. This experience for the speaker then suddenly becomes more than just a reflection of the recent news, but a presentation- done by the window- for he r to view the life beyond the closed door and suspend herself within the world she never had beyond the married life of her husband. With the presentation of her possibilities for a future, she senses the freedom that lives within her. There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully†¦ she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air† (300). Feeling the window open up into her world, she senses that something beyond the clouds beseeches her to welcome them into her life. This sort of â€Å"monstrous joy† –as described later in the text- demands a welcome from Mrs. Mallard as an initiation towards the revival of her new world.Though she fears the unknown object that she describes, â€Å"†¦she was striving to beat it back with her will- as powerless as her two white slender hands† (300), realizing her weakness while fighting back the possession of the unkn own entity, she shows a lack of true interest to fight back knowing that she must submit to the future that lies ahead of her. Through the experience of coming forth and welcoming the fear of moving on, she seeks the freedom presented by the window. Ultimately, a sign of an identity in the end shows her happiness through the imagination of the days that lie ahead of her. Spring days, summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she thought with a shudder that life might be long† (300). Discovering her days are meant to be lived without the intrusion from her husband, she senses that although her life was once the depression of her day, now became the essence of her identity. Living through this ideology, she feels that she can move on through whatever her life brings forth to her, because she would feel as though all was meant to be given to her.She brought this thinking forward even in the end when the surprise of finding her husband unharmed from the accident, which in the end killed her. â€Å"When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease- of joy that kills† (301). The heart disease that had her worried for her life in the beginning of the short story then became the relief that she felt when she left the world to pursue the joy without her husband intruding on her sudden realization of an identity.Heart disease, in the context, reveals itself as the â€Å"joy that kills† emphasizing the discovery of her freedom through the disease that she feared would kill her. Noticing that the identity for herself lied within the freedom that she obtained from her husband, she died to achieve this ultimate peace with the identity she found. Through the use of the symbolism that the images of the window present to Mrs. Mallard, a sense of personal freedom constructs the idealness of obtaining an identity. And in this short story, The Story of An Hou r, The breakthrough represents itself through the most peculiar ways.Mrs. Mallard through the story discovered her life was to be relived through the images of the window as they revealed the possibilities that brought forth her true identity. Henceforth, discovering in the end that her husband never allowed her freedom within the marriage by being alive brought forth her breakthrough; Revealing itself through the joys of being set free in death, she is brought to the haven she so desperately desired, growing to be the individual that lives or, in this case, dies without the handcuffed life she lived through with her marriage to Brently Mallard.

Captivity of Mary Rowlandson and the Relation

Both of these writers encounter and more importantly, live amongst the Native people of the Americas as captives at one point of their lives. However, each experience different situations and go about representing those situations in their writing in two completely dissimilar narratives. Each of them enter into captivity with distinctive roles-?Rowland as a Puritanical mother and Caber De Vacate as a Spanish Imperial explorer. Railroading's overall tone in her narrative can be described as edifying in the sense that A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs..Mary Rowland can be used as a example for readers, especially in her overall belief in God. She says, m{et the Lord still showed mercy to me, and upheld me; and as He wounded me with one hand, so he healed me with another (Bam and Levine 261). † Rowland demonstrates the recurring theme of the centrality of God and HIS will In this one sentence which could possibly be used to correspond to the entirety of her capti vity. Notice her use of a dichotomy in the sentence. She is â€Å"wounded. † But then, she is â€Å"healed. † With what?With God's Hand. This exhibits Railroading's belief that God Lana everything: good and bad. It can also be concluded that Railroading's narrative shows the more generalized view of the Puritan beliefs. Also, note Railroading's tone in this passage of the narrative that can be associated to the good and bad that God plans. ‘Wounded† carries a more despaired tone while â€Å"healed† holds a more hopeful tone-?the hope In God that He will carry her out of her despair. Rowland continuously revisits the idea of God's centrality in her whole narrative.She says: I have thought since of the wonderful goodness of God to me in reserving me in the use of my reason and senses in that distressed time, that I did not wicked and violent means to end my own miserable life†¦ When I came I asked them what they had done with It; then they told me It was upon the hill. Then they went and showed me where It was, where I saw the ground was newly digger, and there they told me they had buried it. There I left that child in the wilderness, and must commit it, and myself also in this wilderness condition, to Him who is above all.God having taken away this dear child†¦ (Nina and Levine 261-262). As a Christian and other, this must have affected Rowland severely. The thought of her dead baby being buried by soulless savages without any proper Christian funeral rites probably outraged her, but nonetheless, she refuses to end her â€Å"miserable life† and quickly punishment from God, but also notes that through and after captivity, God saved her. Alva Ounce Caber De Visa's account of his captivity with the Karakas Indians and several other Indian tribes also has this presence of God that is explicit in Railroading's narrative.The Relation constantly addresses â€Å"God our Lord. † He says in is dedication, â€Å"A lthough everyone wants what advantage may be gained from ambition and action, we see everywhere great inequalities of fortune, brought about not by conduct but by accident, and not through anybody fault but as the will of God (Bam and Levin 44). † It is important to make a note of the fact that Caber De Vacate was an imperial explorer for Spain under Painful De Narrate.The reason for his expedition in America was to claim the Florida territory for Spain, but the expedition failed greatly and led to the captivity of Caber De Vacate and three other men. Like Rowland, Caber De Vacate returns to civilization. Although he does not refer to his captivity as punishment from God, he does mention his incarceration as nobody's â€Å"fault but as the will of God. † It can be implied that Caber De Vacate says this to escape any actual punishment he may receive from the Spanish crown. After all, the expedition was funded with the expectation of profit I. . Gold and silver. He mentio ns at the end of the dedication, â€Å"l beg that it may be received as homage, since it is the most once could bring who returned thence naked (Bam and Levine 45). † The underlying tone in this sentence is desperation-?desperation in that sense that the king accept his narrative and desperation, and even perhaps hope, that God will deliver him from any forthcoming punishment made from the king. Caber De Vacate â€Å"begs† that his account can be viewed as a gift while claiming the role of â€Å"God's will† in his captivity.Thus, he implies that his nakedness in both appearance and profit be seen as something God himself determined. Caber De Vacate says, â€Å"Eating the dogs seemed to give us strength enough to go forward; so commending ourselves to the audience of God our Lord, we took leave of our hosts, who pointed out the way to other nearby who spoke their language (Bam and Levine 48). † Like Rowland who put her faith in God, Caber De Vacate, along with the other survivors, commends himself to God's guidance. However, he actually comes to respect the Indians as he resides with them which is expressed near the end of The Relation.He shares: To the last I could not convince the Indians that we were of the same people as the Christian Slavers†¦ We ordered them to fear no more†¦ After we had dismissed the Indians in ace and thanked them for their toil in our behalf†¦ [The Christians] took us through the forests and wastes so we would not communicate with the natives and would neither see nor learn of their crafty scheme afoot. Thus we often misjudge the motives of men; we thought we had effected the Indian's liberty, when the Christians were but poising to pounce (Bam and Levine 51).Notice how Caber De Vacate refers to the Spanish as â€Å"the Christians. † He does not include himself in the passage as one of the Christians probably because he has been able to tolerate and come to respect he native people. He does try to persuade the Indians that he is of the same race simply for their safety. He says: Lazar bade his interpreter tell the Indians that we were members of his race who had been long lost†¦ The Indians paid no attention to this. Conferring to themselves, they replied that the Christian's had lied: †¦ E healed and lanced; we coveted nothing but gave whatever we were given, while they robbed whomever they found and bestowed nothing on anyone (Bam and Nina 50) This differs from Rowland who regularly refers to the Native Americans as savages. In Caber De Visa's text, it is these â€Å"Christians† who appear to be the savages. The tone in this passage is almost regretful. Caber De Visa's use of dichotomies in this passage iterates the sadness on the idea that these supposed holy men ravage on helpless, innocent Indians according to God's will.This is exactly the opposite in Railroading's text where she views the native people as nothing short of barbaric like in the instance where her baby is improperly buried according to Christian guidelines. However, there are instances where Rowland comes to note the molarities between the Englishmen and the Indians. She also comes to somewhat embrace the savagery of the Indians when she eats bear's meat and finds it â€Å"savory' and â€Å"pleasant† rather than repulsive as Caber De Vacate does when he eats dog meat and prances around naked.

The Life and Inventions of Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison was born in 1847 on February 11th in Milan, Ohio to middle class parents and died on October 18, 1931, in West Orange, New Jersey. In 1854, his family moved to the vibrant city of Port Huron, Michigan, which ultimately exceeded the commercial excellence of both Milan and Odessa which were the two places Edison had lived. One of the many inventions established by Edison was the tin foil phonograph. When Edison was working on his invention he noticed that the tape of the machine sprang off a noise resembling spoken words when worked at a high speed.The machine had 2 needles in it one was used for recordings and the other for playbacks, the machine plays cylinders rather than disks. At around the age of 12, Edison started to lose his hearing. What caused this to happen was a train conductor smacked him in the ears when he started a fire in a boxcar whilst doing experiments. Edison was an inquisitive child but also a poor student as his mind often wandered. Edison was the y oungest of 7 siblings.One day when Edison was at school his school teacher screamed at him and said that he was rather addled. When his mother found out that someone had discovered him as a scientist his mother was very furious and pulled him out of school and she hmoe schooled him instead. * THOMAS EDISON'S INVENTIONS. 2013. THOMAS EDISON'S INVENTIONS. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. thomasedison. com/Inventions. htm. [Accessed 17 March 2013]. * Thomas Edison Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story – Biography. com . 2013.Thomas Edison Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story – Biography. com . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. biography. com/people/thomas-edison-9284349. [Accessed 17 March 2013]. * Thomas Edison – The Inventions of Thomas Edison. 2013. Thomas Edison – The Inventions of Thomas Edison. [ONLINE] Available at: http://inventors. about. com/library/inventors/bledison. htm. [Accessed 18 March 2013]. * Edison Biography. 2013. E dison Biography. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. thomasedison. com/biography. html. [Accessed 21 March 2013].

Fiscal and Monetary Policy

Introduction As an assistant manager for Skanska I have been asked by my manager to explain how fiscal and monetary policy decisions affect the business in which I work. To undertake this task I will provide explanation of the fiscal and monetary policies. I will also explain what interest rate is and what could be possible changes on it. Additionally, I will explain how both policies could make changes in employment level. Fiscal policy Economic climate is essential to be controlled within every single county because this helps control important activities within the particular country.All countries where economy is developed created and follow polices which ensure that money spent by government are used in an appropriate way. Those policies are known as fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy could be defined as a legislation which was introduced by government to control the economy. The fiscal policy control and affects public taxation, public expenditure and bor rowing money. Fiscal policy includes direct and indirect taxation, public finances, public sector borrowing, pre-budget report and redistribution of income.The purpose of fiscal policy is to monitor, control and support economy as a whole. (Ref. http://www. investopedia. com/terms/f/fiscalpolicy. asp#ixzz1nhAdVG74) Taxation Taxation could be defines as a collection of money by government from their citizens and corporation businesses to found operational expenditure of the country. Changes in taxation would have a large influence on economy because amount of obtained money could be spent for different purposes or needs of the country. Taxation could be divided into two main types which are direct and indirect taxation. Ref. Book: Business level 3, Book Publisher: Edexcel Page: 300 Author John Bevan) Direct Taxation This particular type of taxes is paid by population and businesses on their income and profit. If the amount of income is higher than the higher will be direct tax which will have to be paid. Direct taxes could be collected by government in form of income tax, corporation tax, council tax, working tax, road tax, capital gains tax, inheritance tax, stamp duty, national insurance (NI). (Ref. Class notes- Direct and Indirect taxation Lecturer- Brenda Horan Date- 06/02/2012) Income TaxIncome Tax rates 2011-12 by tax band and type of income Income tax is a main financial source for government to found activities of the country and public services. This is pay by anyone within the country who has an income. It is protected by legislation that organisations and individuals have to proof how much income was generated for each year. Income tax could be calculated in three ways which is 20, 40 and 50 percent. Additionally, there is a possibility of personal allowance which means that some people income is not taxable as they do not earned enough to pay income tax.This tax year the basic personal allowance or tax-free amount is ? 7,475. Furthermore, some peopl e may be entitled to a higher Personal Allowance if they have reached the age of 65 or over. (Ref. http://www. hmrc. gov. uk/incometax/basics. htm) †¢ National Insurance Contributions This is another form of tax which is based on income. National Insurance contribution also known as NI is paid by employees and employers to the government. NI is dependable on the amount of money which is earned by each party and whether people are employed or self-employed.Through National Insurance contributions employees are building up to entitlement for different social benefits if they have to. Additionally, NI building up a form of state pensions when employees would be retired. There is one restriction where people do not have to pay NI and this is when they reach retirement age. (Ref. http://www. hmrc. gov. uk/incometax/basics. htm) †¢ Corporation Tax Corporation tax is a form of tax which is based on taxable profits of all businesses. This is why organisations do their best to redu ce amount of corporation tax.The most common way to deduct the amount of corporation tax is to reinvest the profit into the further development of the business. (Ref. http://lexicon. ft. com/Term? term=corporation-tax) Indirect Taxation Indirect taxes are charged by government on producers or suppliers. The main aim of these taxes is to reduce pollution and improve the environment. The examples of indirect taxes are value added tax (VAT), excise duty, air passenger duty, insurance taxes such as car, home or pet insurance, TV licence or driving licence. (Ref. http://tutor2u. net/economics/revision-notes/as-marketfailure-indirect-taxation. tml) †¢ Value Added Tax (VAT) This type of tax is charged almost on all products or services provided by organisations. For instance businesses pay VAT for all products which are needed to manufacture the products and then VAT is paid by customers if they want to buy manufactured products. VAT could be charged into three different rates which a re standard rate 20%, reduced rate 5% and zero rated 0%. Standard rate is most common form of VAT and this is paid on almost all products or services unless they have been specified to reduce or zero rate.Reduced rate is depend on products it’s self and the circumstances of the sale. The most common example of reduced rate VAT are domestic fuel and power, installation of energy saving materials, sanitary hygiene goods or children’s car seats. Zero rated VAT is similar to the reduced rated VAT as is depend on products it’s self and the circumstances of the sale. The example of this type of VAT could be products or services such as food apart from the meals purchased in restaurants or hot takeaways, books and newspapers, children's clothes and shoes, public transport. (Ref. http://www. hmrc. gov. k/vat/start/introduction. htm) †¢ Excise Duty This is another form of indirect tax which is only paid for certain products on the market. Excise duty tax is added to the goods or services which might be luxuries, danger for environment and harmful for the health of population. The examples of products which include excise duty are tobacco, spirits and beers, oil or gambling. The government has introduced excise duty to increase amount of overall collected taxes but also to decrease the demand for particular products. (Ref. http://customs. hmrc. gov. uk/channelsPortalWebApp/channelsPortalWebApp. ortal? _nfpb=true;_pageLabel=pageExcise_InfoGuides) †¢ Air Passenger Duty Air passenger duty is paid by airlines to the government for carriage passengers from UK airports. International booked passengers who are coming into the country are exempted to pay this duty. Since 2009 air passenger duty is paid by the amount of flies whereas use to it was charged by every single passenger. The changes amended in this type of taxation increased prices of airline tickets as organisations are forced to pay more taxes. The main purpose of collection of air pas senger duty is to raise extra funds to upport economy but also for environmental reasons. (Ref. Book: Business level 3, Book Publisher: Edexcel Page: 301 Author John Bevan) Public Finances Public finances could be referred as the amount of money which government pays for its expenditures through collection of taxes and borrowing. To support community within the country the government provides valuable activities such as security, education, transport and health support. Running the following activities might cost government millions so this is why appropriate amount of collected taxes is essential.Government have to balance overheads for different departments in appropriate way and ensure that money spent in certain area would benefit population and generate future return in the economy. (Ref. http://glossary. econguru. com/economic-term/public+finance http://www. etvotenow. org/financial-tips/public-finance-definition-know-your-environment-in-the-business-world-233. html) Public Se ctor Borrowing Public sector borrowing also known as a Public Sector Cash Requirement could be defined as an amount of money which government has to borrow from Bank of England to operate essential activities provided to the public.Public sector cash requirement occurs when the country does not collect enough finances to cover overheads of essential activities. If that would happen, then country will start going into the debt what would disadvantage economy and community as less money might be invested in public interest. (Ref. http://www. qfinance. com/dictionary/public-sector-borrowing-requirement) Impact of Fiscal policies on Skanska? Changes made within Fiscal policy would have a large impact on business operations. Skanska could be affected by any decisions made within these policies as any decisions could change the activities and revenues of the business.For instance, if government cut down the spending costs to build hospitals or motorways then Skanska will lose contracts, w hich simply means there would not be projects undertaken by my organisation. This situation would be reflected in the release of employees as the organisation might not be able to afford to maintain workforce. Additionally, this would affect the manufacturing organisations as they would not be able to supply Skanska with their products and therefore less money will be generated and flowed into the economy.How does Fiscal policy affect Skanska? Skanska operates in construction industry so any changes in fiscal policy would affect overall operation of this business. Skanska as a one of leading construction organisations in the United Kingdom would be affected by positive or negative outcome. For instance, if government would change income tax band from taxation element for higher then this would benefit this organisation as there would be a possibility to pay lower amount of taxes by Skanska.The example could be that if government increase the income tax band of 50% from 150,000 to 20 0,000 then my chosen organisation would generate higher revenue as even if they would achieve revenue of 180,000 the business will under the 40% of income tax band. The effect of changes in this fiscal policy could create more profit for Skanska so owners, stakeholders and employees might benefit from this fact as higher amount of money obtained by the business could be shared into these parties. Additionally, the result of fewer taxes paid by my organisation would nathnelo investors and owners to reinvest extra income in the business.Reinvestment of generated profit would be equalised to the expansion of Skanska what might create new jobs for employees due to further investments. Changes in public sector borrowing would also affect Skanska because if government would not collect enough taxes than it automatically decrease amount of possible spending’s into the economy. In the past the government applied Golden Rule of public borrowing which state that it should never be borr owed more than 40% of overall income from economy. Due to recession in United Kingdom the government has to break this rule to reduce possibility of bank collapse.In 2010 the government decided to introduce Fiscal Responsibility Act which is about limiting the amount of government borrowing. This act is mended to stop the country to follow into the debt. Due to breaking Golden Rule decision my chosen organisation had better opportunities to undertake any projects as more money were flowing into the economy. (Ref. Book: Business level 3, Book Publisher: Edexcel Page: 301 Author John Bevan) Monetary Policy Monetary policy is interlinked to fiscal policy and it was created by the government to support and control an economy activities.Monetary policy influence aggregate demand, employment level, money supply, the interest rate that is offered by central bank and the level exchange rate within the country. In the United Kingdom the central bank is the Bank of England which is in charge of interest and exchange rates or money supply. Additionally, the Bank of England is responsible for the amount of money that banks need to keep in the vault which is also known as bank reserves. The purpose of monetary policy is to control and stabilize overall economy within the country. (Ref. http://www. nvestopedia. com/terms/m/monetarypolicy. asp#ixzz1oQuE0cW4) Aggregate Demand Aggregate Demand could be defined as the total demand for provided goods and services produced within the economy over a certain period of time. Aggregate demand is considered as the sum of consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. Aggregate demand has a large influence on the economy as a whole because its increase or decrease would generate positive or negative outcomes in the economy. (Ref. http://finance-dictionary. com/definition/a/aggregate-demand/) Interest RateInterest rate could be defined as the amount of percentage charged by lender usually banks to the borrower. The perce ntage of interest rate is based on the annual basis also known as Annual Percentage Rate (APR) and this is dependable on the value of borrowed money or assets. The example of borrowed assets could be cash, beneficial goods of consumers and large assets such as vehicles or premises. If the interest rate is low then there is frequent possibility of larger investments as the businesses do not have to pay back much more than it was borrowed from the bank. Ref. http://www. investopedia. com/terms/i/interestrate. asp#axzz1oRT2mwKL) Employment Level Employment level could be defined as the population who is currently working and this is presented in form of percentage. The level of employment is very important factor to be considered by government because through this aspect the taxes are collected which could be reinvested into the economy. Employment level is affected by monetary policy because if inflation level would increase then more likely the wages of employees would be higher.The overall result from this situation could be that the employer might reduce workforce to cut down cost which possibly would decrease aggregate demand due to less people would have confidence in spending money. (Ref. http://www. economicshelp. org/blog/453/unemployment/definition-of-full-employment/) Impact of Monetary policies on Skanska The changes in monetary policy would have a large influence on my chosen business because changes amended in these policies could have knock-on effect in my organization.For instance, changes of the interest rate for lower could lead to the situation where Skanska might invest in latest machinery as interest rate on this purchase will be lower so the business would save money if the make a purchase in this period. Additionally, low interest rate might create situation where population would be less likely to make a savings due to low interest which they could receive. If population would not be interested in saving then they would prefer to spend the money which they earn so the economy would benefit as the aggregate demand would increase.How does Monetary policy affect Skanska? Implementation of monetary policy could affect industry within my chosen business operates. Through increase or decrease of interest rates Skanska would be affected by the changes in demand of provided services by population. For instance, if government would decrease the level of interest rate than this might stimulate higher aggregate demand because people would have more money to spent. If population have a confidence to spend money than my chosen business is more likely to convince potential customers to make the purchase.Additionally, lower interest rate would attract Skanska for new investments due to low interests which need to be paid back. This is also easier for construction industry to find new invertors all over the world as in this period investors are able to generate large return of invested finances. If government and central bank would decide to raise interest rate than this would disadvantage my chosen organisation as opposite effect which most likely would reduce aggregate demand and inflation. Employment level would be affected by changes in monetary policy which could create different situations within operation of Skanska.Government do their best to keep inflation at 2% which means that economy would be stable and wages would be increase by similar level. Low raise of inflation would means that employees have a job security due to steady costs of business. For instance, if inflation would drastically rise then wages would increase too so as a result business might not be able to afford workforce due to too high overheads. (Ref. http://tutor2u. net/economics/content/topics/ad_as/ad-as_notes. htm) How fiscal and monetary policy would help Skanska to achieve its objectives.Skanska committed their selves to outperform business in the management of the environment, health ; safety and the engagement with the commu nities they work in as well as the project performance and profitability. The achievement of main aims is depended on the legislations of government. Through changes in fiscal policy my chosen organisation would be able to generate outcome which would benefit the business and the productivity of economy. For instance, if inflation increased due to raise of aggregate demand than increased spending would most probably decrease national debt at least in short term.Also decrease of income tax would increase the amount of available organisational income which might increase the aggregate demand. Appropriate changes in fiscal policy could create significantly impact the national income and therefore have immediate effect on the economy. Another benefit which Skanska could obtain from changes in fiscal policy is higher profitability and motivation of workforce if taxes on wages would be decreased. Additionally, if higher amount of people and organizations would earn more than automatically the government would collect more taxes such as VAT or income tax.Growth of economy would also means that government would spend less money for different types of benefits which support unemployment community. (Ref. http://12chunso. wordpress. com/2011/05/11/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-fiscal-policy/ http://library. thinkquest. org/19110/english/advantag/index. html http://www. economicshelp. org/macroeconomics/fiscal-policy/fiscal_policy. html) On the other hand, Fiscal policy have great influence on businesses operation so government have to ensure that amended changes do not affect the organisations in the way that they would not be able to operate.For instance if government would increase the income tax as too high level than organisation would not be interested in feather operations as too much amount of taxes which will have to be paid to government would be seen as not reasonable and the organisations might be closed down. This would create negative outcome for economy b ecause if businesses will be closed down then unemployment would increase and more money government will have to spend to support those people and no taxes at all would be collected as organisations would abandon from operations.Additionally, changes in direct taxation or government spending may take considerable time because of both political and moral reasons. For instance, taxing rich people more than the others might be seen as unfair treatment for parties who are charged higher. (Ref. http://12chunso. wordpress. com/2011/05/11/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-fiscal-policy/ How monetary policy would help Skanska to achieve its objectives. http://www. ehow. com/facts_5796267_benefits-policy-over-fiscal-policy_. html) ConclusionOverall, I have described what fiscal and monetary policies are and what is involved in those aspects. Also I have explained how does policies affect my chosen organisations and what out6come could be generated through changes in both policies. The fiscal a nd monetary policies are closely interlinked to each other. Fiscal and monetary policies are very important to be managed in an appropriate manner by government because wrong changes would not only affect businesses within the country but also the economy as a whole will be affected.Bibliography AuthorPageDate John Bevan Book- Business level 3 Page: 300-305 Publisher: Edexcel Class notes- Direct and Indirect taxation Lecturer- Brenda Horan Date- 06/02/2012 http://www. investopedia. com/terms/f/fiscalpolicy. asp#ixzz1nhAdVG74 http://www. hmrc. gov. uk/incometax/basics. htm http://lexicon. ft. com/Term? term=corporation-tax http://tutor2u. net/economics/revision-notes/as-marketfailure-indirect-taxation. html http://www. hmrc. gov. uk/vat/start/introduction. htm http://customs. hmrc. gov. k/channelsPortalWebApp/channelsPortalWebApp. portal? _nfpb=true;_pageLabel=pageExcise_InfoGuides http://glossary. econguru. com/economic-term/public+finance http://www. etvotenow. org/financial-tips/p ublic-finance-definition-know-your-environment-in-the-business-world-233. html http://www. qfinance. com/dictionary/public-sector-borrowing-requirement http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/monetarypolicy. asp#ixzz1oQuE0cW4 http://finance-dictionary. com/definition/a/aggregate-demand/ http://www. investopedia. com/terms/i/interestrate. asp#axzz1oRT2mwKL Fiscal and Monetary Policy TOMAS L. OLFATO ANSWERS TO GROUP 4 EXAM ECON 204 (NOTE: ANSWERS ARE HIGHLIGHTED IN YELLOW) PART I. (5 points each) A. An increase in government spending will shift the IS curve to left increasing output with higher interest rate. [pic] Expansionary monetary policy or Contractionary monetary policy. a) To maintain the same level of output, what monetary policy should BSP implement? ANSWER: EXPANSIONARY MONETARY POLICY (Increasing money supply lowers interest rate) b) To maintain the same level of interest rate, what monetary policy should BSP implement?ANSWER: CONTRACTIONARY MONETARY POLICY (Reducing money supply results to an increase in interest rate) B. An inflationary gap occurs when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply at full employment level of output. When there is increased spending and availability of money are high, prices start to rise resulting to an inflationary gap. What fiscal policy (Expansionary or Restrictive) should the government implement to dampen growth an d lower inflationary pressures(5 points). ANSWER: RESTRICTIVE FISCAL POLICY (Racing taxes or cutting government spending to dampen GDP(Aggregate Demand) growth and lower inflationary ressures) [pic] C. A Deflationary gap occurs when aggregate supply exceeds aggregate demands at full employment level of output. The opposite of Inflation, deflation has the side effect of increased unemployment which can lead to economic depression. What fiscal policy (Expansionary or Restrictive) can government implement to stop severe deflation(5 points). ANSWER: EXPANSIONARY FISCAL POLICY ( Increasing government purchases, decrease in taxes and/or increase in transfer payments closes a recessionary gap, stimulate the economy and decreases the unemployment rate) pic] PART II. (2 points each) True or False: FALSE 1. The Keynesian school of thought is based on the premise that free markets can regulate themselves alone, free of any human intervention. There is an invisible hand that moves market toward s a natural equilibrium, without the requirement of an intervention. TRUE2. Keynesian economic models stress the fact that government intervention is absolutely necessary to ensure growth and economic stability. The government has the very important job of smoothing out the business cycle bumps.TRUE3. In the Goods market, an increase in interest rate will result to a decrease in Money Demand while a decrease interest rate will result to an increase in Money Demand. TRUE4. In the financial market, an increase in interest rate will increase Money Supply while a decrease in interest rate will decrease Money Supply TRUE5. In liquidity trap, people are indifferent as to how much money or how many bonds they hold, so they are willing to hold fewer bonds and more money (more liquid) at the same nominal interest rate.The money supply will increase but the effect on the nominal interest rate remains zero. All the additional money is held as idle balances and equilibrium is unchanged. FALSE6. Disposable Income excludes both the negative impact of taxes and positive impact of transfer payments. FALSE7. Transfer payments decreases disposable income TRUE8. Fiscal neutrality creates a condition where demand is neither stimulated nor diminished by taxation and government spending. TRUE9. Crowding out effect happens when expansionary fiscal policy causes interest rates to rise, thereby reducing the investment or spending.If an increase in government spending and/or a decrease in tax leads to a budget deficit and this deficit is financed by increased borrowing, this creates demand for money and loanable funds. This will increase interest rates leading to a reduction in private consumption or investment. FALSE10. Expansionary fiscal policy increases national saving thereby reducing the supply of loanable funds and raising the equilibrium of the interest rate. PART III. (5 points each) 1. A monetary policy wherein the government steps on the break. RESTRICTIVE MONETARY POLICY 2. A policy that focuses on controlling price and interest rates.MONETARY POLICY 3. The most popular policy instrument. OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS 4. A monetary policy instrument in which BSP have no total control. DISCOUNT RATE 5. When the government wants to reduce the money supply in open market, it has to. SELL BONDS TO THE PUBLIC PART IV. (10 points) If the government wants to solve the issue on economic growth by increasing the money supply, what should be the effect on interest rate, investment, and consumption? ^MONEY SUPPLY, v INTEREST RATE, ^INVESTMENT, ^ CONSUMPTION Please email your answers to [email  protected] com with copy to [email  protected] com and [email  protected] com THANKS

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EVALUATE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE WITHIN FINANCIAL INSTITUTION(ASDA) LEAD TO THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS - Dissertation Example †¦...22 3.2 Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.23 3.3 Ethical Considerations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..23 3.4 The Design of Questionnaires†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 4.0 Results and Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..25-29 5.0 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...30-33 6.0 Conclusion and Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.34-37 7.... ?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.27 Figure 2: Relationship among ASDA’s Employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..28 Table 1: Table 1: Employees’ Reasons for ASDA’s Near Bankruptcy in 1990s†¦.25 1.0 Introduction This paper critically addresses the impacts of organisational culture on performance of a financial institution (ASDA), and investigating how this culture could lead to global financial crisis. It must be stated at this earliest time that this paper dwells mainly on the Human Resources aspect of organisation culture; it highlights how employees of ASDA, based on their varying experiences, trainings, personal integrity and conformity to organisational policies, could cause a spiral global financial crisis. It is no longer a new phenomenon that organisational culture is a potent factor in determining the success of operations in a com pany (Schein, 2004). ASDA, a financial institution, also derives its efficiency from the realization that its human resources must be revamped in order to achieve optimum performance in credit and financial services (ASDA, 2010a). ASDA requires its array of employees to demonstrate high-quality professionalism so as to be able to discharge its statutory duty as a viable credit facilities’ institution (ASDA, 2010a). One important feature of ASDA that would not be overlooked in this study is it size, huge market reach, and the magnitude of the effect of its eventual collapse, in case there is a financial crisis. Big financial institutions like ASDA faces increasingly threat as it deals out its credit-issuing services to its many customers (Kidwell et al, 2000). However, for the purpose of clarity and concentration, this study only looks into the effect of organisational culture on the activities of ASDA as a

Need for Organizational Change Management at Kmart Assignment

Need for Organizational Change Management at Kmart - Assignment Example The annual sales thus achieved were in excess of $10 million. Even during periods of financial depressions and wars, this chain of retail stores stood out as a successful player by virtue of its ability to offer products at affordable prices. What is more, unlike other organizations it helped people sustain their families by offering them jobs. Despite the fact that prices have undergone numerous changes with the passing years, Kmart’s business philosophy remained the same – the company strongly believed that the best way to retain customers is by offering them â€Å"products they need at prices they can afford† (Sears Holdings Corporation-a, 2010). Over the decades Kmart has earned endless accolades that have augmented its position in the global retail sector, and during 1976 it created history â€Å"by opening 271 Kmart stores in one year, becoming the first-ever retailer to launch 17 million square feet of sales space in a single year† (Sears Holdings C orporation-a, 2010). However, the picture at Kmart has not been rosy all through. At the beginning of 2002, â€Å"the company filed for bankruptcy after its debt spiralled to more than $10 billion† (Kelly, 2004), and it has been reported that in the next two years the company had closed nearly 600 stores and laid off nearly 59000 employees. This incident helped Kmart make history yet again because the company had almost â€Å"$17.0 billion in assets at the time of their filing, making it the largest retailer the United States had ever seen declare bankruptcy† (Cole, 2002, p.2). In order to survive the financial plights, Kmart merged with Sears Roebuck in November 2004 following a deal worth $11 billion. Although the company is performing well and trying its best to â€Å"create long-term value in a deliberate and logical fashion, while remaining cognizant of the risks and challenges† (Sears Holdings Corporation-b, 2010), problems that still exist are pushing Kma rt to the back foot.  Ã‚  

Lies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lies - Essay Example It is a fact that lying leads to more lies. When a person tells a lie for some reason, he/she needs to tell many other lies to cover that lie. Lies do not have any moral ground or proper base. Although lies can benefit people for a short span of time but their long-term effects are never good for them. It is because a person has to lie several times in life to cover one false statement given by that person in some earlier part of life. Another fact regarding lying is that it makes many other people lie to save the liar. A liar not only performs the immoral act of lying himself/herself but also makes his/her friends and family members perform the same act in order to get their cover to escape from the worse scenarios. Lying is really a waste of time and energy. A person who lies for some reason needs to remember that lie and perpetrate it in order to escape from any unexpected situation. Remembering a lie and making efforts to hide the truth regarding that lie forever is a very tiring job. Lies make the life of a person very difficult and troublesome instead of bringing any sort of long-term relief. A person needs to spend a good amount of time thinking how to hide the truth in future. Sometimes liars start believing that the lie that they have spoken is the ultimate truth. They start opposing the reality and a fight between right and wrong starts in their minds. They try to escape from the immorality of lying by opposing the truth and reality. However, they do not succeed in that and a sense of guilt injects in their minds forever. Lies also cause mistrust between true relationships. Lies inject doubt between the relationships, which decrease the degree of love, harmony, and respect that exists between the relationships. Lies create troubles not only for the liars but also for the people who are in some sort of relationship with the liars. Summing it up, lies put a number of negative effects

Nursing Practices Over the Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Practices Over the Years - Essay Example They defined nursing to be the analysis and taking care of the human reactions of real or possible health hazards. It should also be noted in this regard that along with the definition of nursing, the education related to nursing has also undergone a substantial change over the period (Royal College of Nursing, 2011). Comparing and Contrasting the Nursing Education The commencement of professional nursing dates back to the school of England in 19th century which was set up by Florence Nightingale. Here ethical teachings and values that were profession-shaping were taught and exchanged. Florence Nightingale’s success in the field of nursing seemed to be a milestone although performance of her school graduates in those days was way below the expectation. Previously, owing to the powerful medical manipulation, the educationists related to nursing stressed mostly on technical training compared to science and art of nursing. But, today the nursing education emphasizes on a much bro ader aspect than just technical training (Butts, 2007). The reason for this spectacular change is because of the changing societal requirements and influences. In the earlier years, nursing was not practiced at a professional level like the way it is done today. Back in those days, nurses were required to cater to the patients’ spiritual requirements compared to the physical ones. Requirement of nurses was such where the nurses would be accountable to the physicians or surgeons first and also would correctly look after their patients. The nurses were even needed to keep a check on the treatments which were ordered by the physicians as well as surgeons. The perception of nursing back then was not based on technical training. Nurses only needed to care for those people who were not able to care for or pay attention to themselves owing to health reasons. They were not required to be technically trained as anything related to the technical procedures and medications was handled b y the physicians as well as the surgeons (Hutchinson, 1998). The basic responsibility of the nurses which was considered to be the main attribute was their obedience towards the physicians. The nurses during that time were not permitted to question or disagree with the physicians. They had to carry out the orders and instructions of the physicians’ in spite of not agreeing with them. The primary aim of a nursing staff has remained the same over the years. In the present day context as well, they are expected to remain obedient towards the physicians and provide necessary assistance to them in order to provide health care support to the patient (Royal College of Nursing, 2011). Thus, it is quite evident that no such technical training was required for nurses in those days. They were only required to be willing to extent their help to ease the sufferings of the sick and help them with their services. After the establishment of the nursing school by Florence Nightingale, the nee d for technical training for the nurses was recognized. The nurses were trained to carry out the instructions of the physicians for which an understanding regarding the medicines were needed. Technical training remained limited to this (Royal College of Nursing, 2011). The teaching of nursing and performance underwent alterations due to the varying wants of the society. Nursing practice is getting affected due to the advancements made in the field of technology and science. Nurses are required to work

Was the use of atomic bomb on japan justified Essay

Was the use of atomic bomb on japan justified - Essay Example But was Truman’s decision justified or was ill informed? A controversial event in history that has divided scholars right in the middle, the use of the Atomic Bomb was but a justified decision that spared the United States an estimated 250,000, perhaps more, sure fatalities in there planned invasion of Japan in addition to millions of Japanese [soldiers and civilians alike] destined for a bloody fight-to-the-death battle in defense of a beloved fatherland. The True Story While the weight of the fateful decision fell right on the shoulders of Truman, the origins of the weapon began with the Roosevelt administration’s fear of a parallel development of the same by Germany. Leo Szilard’s confidential letter to the then President Franklin Roosevelt, signed off by his longtime friend and collaborator Albert Einstein, outlining Germany’s concerted efforts on nuclear weapons formed the foundation of the Manhattan Project [S-1], â€Å"one of the largest, best-kept secret, massive resource consuming, scientific undertakings ever witnessed in history† (Walker 311-312). Indeed, even Truman, the then vice president had no knowledge of the project and only learnt of it in office. Though actively engaged in atomic research, German scientists, as it would later turn out right after Germany’s surrender, were far from reaching a fissionable chemical combination that could deliver results rivaling the United States’. Japan’s similar initiatives were thrown into disarray in April 1945 with a B-29 raid on Tokyo facilities leaving anything of the sort inundated. (Frank 252-253). The fall of the previously Japanese controlled Marianas Islands early in the campaign gave the United States formidable footholds of bringing the war closer home to the remaining Japanese strongly-held islands. With surrender heavily disdained, reinforcement directives from Imperial General Headquarters [IGHQ] detailed in the â€Å"Plan for the Conduct of Future Operations† went out on the 24th July, 1944 with four points: 1. Patriotic defense of the Philippines, Ryukyu, Kurile, Formosa, Japan Islands and the entire Japanese homeland from the shoreline right into the interior. 2. Massive annihilation of the Allies by sea, land and by the remaining air power for any attempted advance through the United States’ planned amphibious assault to the crucial areas [the â€Å"Sho-Go† Operations]. 3. The last two points called for the prevention of American B-29 aircraft attacks operating from China to ensure better cover [overrunning China bomber bases to open up continental railroads as an alternative route to their Southern Resources Area]. 4. Identifying alternative southern sea routes [particularly to the China Coast] to safeguard important military shipments (Bradlley 189). With the new SHO operations that basically enlarged mobile defense writ, Japan hoped to gain decisive victory no matter the beachhead attacked by the enemy. SHO-1 and SHO-2, the battles of Philippines and Formosa-Ryukyu were planned for august; followed by SHO-3 and SHO-4 in the home islands and Hokkaido scheduled for October 1944. Having identified possible planned landing bases by the invasion forces, the supposedly defeated Japanese strategically stationed themselves to meet the visitors head-on at an equal strength. As a tactical approach, they [Japanese] planned to abandoned direct combat with the powerfully

Obesity is a problem that gives rise to more problems Essay

Obesity is a problem that gives rise to more problems - Essay Example How ever a measure commonly used by doctors to assess over weight and obesity is the body mass index (BMI). The body mass index does not measure body fat directly but is calculated by dividing a person's weight in pounds by his or her height in square inches and multiplying it by 703. As obesity has harmful consequences as mentioned earlier it is essential for individual to have routine check ups and keep a close watch on their body mass index so they can prevent them selves from becoming over weight or obese. Obesity does not occur overnight in fact it occurs slowly and steadily over time. For most people obesity is a result of an energy imbalance that is they end up taking in more calories than their body uses. But there can be many other causes as well including environmental and genetic causes. The environmental and social causes include decreased physical activity and intake of energy dense foods that are high in calories and fat and low in vitamins, minerals and proteins. The decrease in physical activity can be attributed to modern technology and a high paced life style. People would rather drive than walk, order things online than go out and shop for them, sit in front of the pc or TV than exercise and order in or go out and eat at fast food restaurants than waste their time cooking healthy food at home. Also advertising attracts consumers toward buying junk food and the fact that there are vending machines and fast food restaurants add to the temptation. Genetically obesity is ca used by hormonal imbalances such as an under active thyroid in which as the name suggests the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone, lack of the thyroid hormone slows down the body's metabolism system and consequently results in weight gain. Other causes include lack of sleep, depression, tension, stress and pregnancy cause weight gain as in all these situations people tend to eat more then usual. Also the intake of certain corticosteroids or medication for seizures results in weight gain. Ageing causes weight gain because as people age their metabolisms slow down. Also people who quit smoking gain weight as food tastes and smells better. (WIM, 2006) Obesity has serious impacts on health. Obesity can cause cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes which are caused due to the build up of fatty tissues on the walls of arteries which restrict the supply of blood to the heart. Obesity can cause type 2 diabetes which is caused by high blood sugar levels and osteoarthritis which is the wearing away of the tissue that protects joints due to pressure that results from excess weight. Obesity increases the risk of colon breast gallbladder and endometrial cancers. Also obesity may cause sleep apnea in which breathing stops for short periods during sleep due to build up of fat around the neck and reproductive problems. (Kelly, 2008) Thankfully obesity is treatable it's just a matter of making healthy choices and setting do able goals. Obesity can be cured by making lifestyles alterations which include eating healthy food and staying physically active. An eating plan should be developed as to maintain an energy balance. This plan should be low in total, saturated, and trans fat; cholesterol; sodium and sugar. There fore processed foods like junk food and fast food should be avoided and replaced with fresh vegetables, fruits and meats. Also people should not indulge in over eating and aim for 60 to 90 minutes of daily moderate

What Was a Day in the Life of a Prisoner Like Essay Example for Free

What Was a Day in the Life of a Prisoner Like Essay The Holocaust, the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators, depicts a series of tragic events. One may ask how was each prisoner treated upon arrival? The horrors that come to mind are endless, and the pain each prisoner must have gone through is undeniably brutal. Men, women and children of ages that varied were taken away from their homes, stripped of their belongings and separated from their loved ones. Each prisoner was identified, not by their birth names, but by serial numbers tattooed onto their body. Each prisoner’s head was shaved. Each prisoner was given clothes off of corpses. Each prisoner went through the unspeakable. Night, a memoir by Elie Wiesel, contributes a great deal to the horrifying event in history. Elie Wiesel, a fifteen year old boy at the time, endured first hand the tragedies that many other Jews, along with Gypsies, the disabled, Poles, Russians, communists, socialists, Jehovah Witnesses, homosexuals and others faced. In the afternoon, they made us line up. Three prisoners brought a table and some medical instruments. We were told to roll up our left sleeves and file past the table. The three â€Å"veteran† prisoners, needles in hand, tattooed numbers on our left arms. I became A-7713. From then on, I had no other name. (Wiesel 42) During the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location, the Auschwitz concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941. As thousands of Soviet prisoners of war (POWs) arrived at the camp, and thousands rapidly died there, the SS authorities began to tattoo the prisoners for identification purposes. At Auschwitz II (Birkenau), the SS staff introduced the practice of tattooing in March 1942 to keep up with the identification of large numbers of prisoners who arrived sickened, and died quickly. The numbering scheme was divided into regular, AU, Z, EH, A, and B series. The regular series consisted of a consecutive numerical series that was used, in the early phase of the Auschwitz concentration camp, to identify Poles, Jews, and most other prisoners (all male). For many, the blurred blue lines of a serial number on a forearm are an indelible image of the Holocaust. The tattoos of the survivors have come to symbolize the utter brutality and of the concentration camps and the attempt of the Nazis to dehumanize their victims. Only those prisoners selected for work were issued serial numbers; those prisoners sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered and received no tattoos. Initially, the SS authorities marked prisoners who were in the infirmary or who were to be executed with their camp serial number across the chest with indelible ink. As prisoners were executed or died in other ways, their clothing bearing the camp serial number was removed. Given the mortality rate at the camp and practice of removing clothing, there was no way to identify the bodies after the clothing was removed. Hence, the SS authorities introduced the practice of tattooing in order to identify the bodies of registered prisoners who had died. Originally, a special metal stamp, holding interchangeable numbers made up of needles approximately one centimeter long was used. This allowed the whole serial number to be punched at one blow onto the prisoners left upper chest. Ink was then rubbed into the bleeding wound. When the metal stamp method proved impractical, a single-needle device was introduced, which pierced the outlines of the serial-number digits onto the skin. The site of the tattoo was changed to the outer side of the left forearm. However, prisoners from several transports in 1943 had their numbers tattooed on the inner side of their left upper forearms. Tattooing was generally performed during registration when each prisoner was assigned a camp serial number. (Rosenthal) The tattoos given to each prisoner, not only inflicted pain, it took away their true identity. Instead of being treated like human beings, they were treated like objects, each with their own serial numbers. My family was taken away, my clothing’s were taken away, my bundles were taken away, but I had one more precious thing taken away. We all take it for granted, our names. Our beautiful names. Nessa Yalperi. I became prisoner 54,015 in the concentration camp of Stutthof. (Female survivor A) Along with the tattoos, different color stars on their jackets identified them. Each star made them stand out amongst the other prisoners (see figure 1). Prisoners were equired to wear color-coded triangles on their jackets so that the guards and officers of the camps could easily identify each persons background and pit the different groups against each other. Political prisoners, such as Communists, Socialists, and trade unionists wore red triangles. Common criminals wore green. Roma (Gypsies) and others the Germans considered asocial or shiftless wore black triangles. Jehovahs Witnesses wore purple and homosexuals pink. Letters indicated nationality: for example, P stood for Polish, SU for Soviet Union, and F for French. (Kahan) Not only were they tattooed, but they were shaved as well. The hair of the Jewish girls and ladies was shaved when they entered the camp. They were taken to the camp barber where all of their body hair, head to toe, was removed. The shaved parts were then rubbed by disinfectant. We were waiting for our numbers to be tattooed, and we stood in line. And of course I was frightened and I called for my mother, and I heard her voice in back of me, and by then her hair had been shaved, now all of her hair has been shaved, and I turned around and I looked for her and I couldn’t recognize her because she was without hair. Female survivor B) Their heads were shaved so that the Nazis would know if the Jews belonged in the camps. â€Å"We no longer looked human, with our emaciated bodies, sunken faces and shaved heads† (Safran). The shaving of heads down to bare skin presented me with a problem since I had long hair in which was hidden He said himself that it would be a pity to do so because my hair was so pretty. As I found out later, they shaved heads not so much to prevent infestation as to collect the hair and use it in brush production. I was given a strip of dirty cloth with which to hide my hair. The shaving of womens heads disfigured them terribly. (Lutostanska) The Nazis wanted the Jewish females to feel helpless and in a lower position, and they achieved this by buzzing off all of their hair. Not only were the prisoners in the Holocaust shaved and tattooed, they were beaten, and their possessions, such as their clothes, were taken away. â€Å"As soon as we arrived in Shutoff, our little bundles were taken away from us. They told us ‘put it away, you’ll come back and take it later. ’ My group of women was taken into a very large room where we were told to strip completely naked. It was a very traumatizing experience for a child of 16† (Female survivor A). Uh, we stood in line there uh, a, a Jewish prisoner, he was I think from Germany who was there for a long time held a, a speech to usthere were a couple SS standing next to himthat anyone who has got any valuables, gold, silver, any kind of jewelry, this is the time to bring it out and give it up right now. He said uh, yesterday seventeen people have lost their lives from not handing in their valuables. If youve got it in your shoes or wherever you had it hidden uh, this is the time, you’re last chance to give it up. A number of people stepped forward, gave up. Most of us didnt have anything. And uh, that started the life of Auschwitz. (Kahan) Each prisoner was forced to give up the belongings they had on them, and â€Å"the clothes on their backs. † They were humiliated and dehumanized, forced to strip in front of one another. â€Å" We were given clothes that were probably recycled, taken off of a corpse and just given to us. And then we were expected to die too, so then they would take the clothes and give it to someone else. In other words, the clothes were much more valuable than human beings† (Female survivor B). The beloved objects that we had carried with us from place to place were now left behind in the wagon † (Wiesel 29). â€Å"Around five o’clock in the morning, we were expelled from the barrack. The Kapos were beating us again, but I no longer felt the pain. We were naked, holding our shoes and belts. An order: ‘Run! ’ As we ran, they threw the clothes at us: pants, jackets, shirts † (Wiesel 36). â€Å"The Nazis, standing around us, beating upon us, chasing us from one end of the room to the other† (Female survivor A). Along with all of this, they were separated from their loved ones (see figure 3). â€Å"Next thing, one man, the point of the thumb to the right, to the left. My brother was sent to the men’s camp, my mom, who was at that time 46, she was sent to the left. I found myself at the age of 16 all alone† (Female survivor B). Families were beaten and killed in the concentration camps. Prisoners in the concentration camps were treated with much disrespect. As Jewish families were sent to Nazi concentration camps and separated, the survival of small children was nearly non-existent. Most were sent straight to gas chambers or shot in front of ditches dug for mass graves. Older children survived by being forced into hard labor, and some children were selected for medical experiments, especially twins. Along with children, older men and women were mistreated. Women were raped and beaten by Nazi’s in the camps, and men were forced to work. The Holocaust, an event that displayed mass murder and mistreated prisoners, is remembered by horrifying stories of those who survived these tragic events. The German Nazi’s wanted to control, destroy and deliberately hurt Jews, along with Gypsies, homosexuals and the disabled. Also, Poles, Russians, communists, socialists, Jehovah Witnesses and others were victims of the Holocaust. â€Å"In politics theres absolutely nothing new. Again, out of impatience I feel myself beginning to fall into melancholy There is really no way out of this for us (Sierakowiak). The lives’ of many people were destroyed because of the horrors they faced. The way they were treated was inhumane, and their individual experiences should never be forgotten.

Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

Operating Systems Essay Interfaces that are graphical in nature are known either as Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) or WIMP interfaces (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointer). Typically, these types of interfaces are available in multi-programming environments or in applications software that involve a considerable degree of complexity. In a GUI, there are: A window for each open application. Many windows can be open at the same time but only one window can be active at any one time. There may be some way of indicating which one is active (perhaps by making the bar at the top of the active window blue). Menus and icons. Available functions can be selected in one of two ways, either by using pop-up menus or drop-down menus, or clicking on icons. An icon is simply a small picture that represents a specific function- clicking on it selects that function.   A pointing device, usually a mouse but in certain circumstances a graphical tablet and pen can be used. These are used to make selections.   The use of the keyboard to navigate through the application is minimized because it is relatively time-consuming way of working.   Natural language. Natural language interfaces are those that allow the user to communicate in their native language, such as English. It allows the user to instruct the computer without need for a particular syntax. The system needs to be able both to interpret inputs in natural language from the user, and to act upon them, and, also preferably to generate natural language statements in response to user input. Sometimes it is also referred as a conversational interface. The questions are displayed on the VDU and the answers are entered via the keyboard. For example, imagine a user has initiated a save file request. The conversation might be: COMP:Whats the file name? USER: chapter1. txt COMP:what folder? USER: userguide COMP:File already exists. Overwrite? USER:Yes COMP: Done. This kind of interface can be found on data entry terminals and other types of dumb terminals connected to a network where non-experts users are guided through the complex tasks they need to perform by the computer.   Command line Command based interface is one where the user types a series of commands at the keyboard which tell the computer what their intentions are. It is also known as linguistic manipulation. The characteristics of a command based interface are   the user needs to know what commands are available   the user needs to understand the commands Characteristics of a command based interface 1) The system is very much more open than in the other types of interface. Other interfaces restrict the options that the user has available to them. This can be particularly important for the system manager because different users can only be allowed to have access to specific parts of the system. 2) Command based interfaces can only be used by computer literate people because the user need to understand the commands and their uses. 1. Define what is meant by the term operating system. (2) 2. Give two reasons why an operating system is likely to be stored on backing storage rather than in the memory of the computer. (2) 3. Distinguish between a multi-programming and a multi-access operating system. (2) 4. State what is meant by a distributed system, and give an advantage of this type of multi-access system over a simple network of machines. (2) 5. A computer operator takes phone calls from the public who ring up asking whether a particular item in a catalogue is available. The operator needs to type in a series of responses to questions put to the caller, so that the computer can check the file and determine whether there are any of that item available. Design a screen interface that would be suitable for the operator to use. (4) 6. The technician responsible for maintaining the system in question 5, uses a command line interface. a) Explain what is meant by a command line interface. (2) b) Give two advantages and one disadvantage to the technician of using a command line interface rather than a menu based interface. (3) Answers: 1 A. -A (suite of) programs-which run the basic functions of the computer -giving an environment in which to run application software. A question which begins with the word define, leaves very little room for manoeuvre because it is asking for a standard answer. This is not an opportunity to show your prowess by making up an answer that is original- there arent any. Note, also, the fact that three answers have been given. Always try to give one more answer than seems to be required by the question. If you look at a mark scheme for an examination paper, the mark points are listed as a set of bullet points so there is no reason why you should not do the same. This style of answer helps you to write down your thoughts easily without getting confused by the language. The purpose of this examination is not to test your ability with English, rather to test your knowledge of computing. 2 A. A full operating system requires a large amount of storage space that is better utilised in the computer memory for applications Storage of the operating system on backing storage allows for easy upgrading or changing from one system to a different one. Note that the temptation to call the operating system the O. S. has been resisted in the answer. In general, do not use abbreviations in your answers. There are exceptions, where the abbreviation is the accepted form, but your own versions may be ambiguous or, even, not understood by the examiner. If you do need to use an abbreviation, because the term is to be used a number of times, give the term in full with the abbreviation that you want to use in brackets after it. For example, the first time that you use the term operating system write operating system (OS) you can then use OS as often as you like in the rest of your answer. 3. A. A multi-programming operating system is one where the user of the machine is given the impression that they can carry out more than one task at a time. A multi-access operating system is one where it is possible for more than one user to access the system apparently at the same time. Note that there are a large number of points that could have been made about both of these operating systems, but most of them would not answer the question. It is important when answering a question starting with distinguish to choose facts that show a comparison. 4 A. A distributed system is one which uses many storage locations on different machines to store software and files. Access to files can be speeded up because more than one file command can be carried out at a time. When an advantage is asked for it is normal to state in the question, either explicitly or implicitly, with what the comparison should be made. Be careful to give an advantage using this comparison and not a more generalised one. 5 A. Form type interface Catalogue number Space for the description of goods which will be filled in by the computer itself Spaces for computer to produce availability and price Laid out with spaces for input. What is just as important here are the things that would not be on the screen. The question makes it quite clear that there is no ordering going on, so spaces for name and address, or method of payment, are not only going to score no marks, but will probably be penalised because they demonstrate that the candidate has not understood the question. In this type of question it is important to demonstrate that you have taken the situation into account. 6 A. a)-Series of commands typed at a screen prompt -which give specific instructions to the computer. b)Advantages: -Entire system is available to the technician -Access to the particular part of the system required is gained more quickly than using other types of interface. Disadvantage: -The technician needs to know the commands that are available -The technician needs to understand the way the system is designed so that it can be navigated efficiently. Note. The language used in this answer is not the sort of language that a candidate will use in an examination. Dont worry about this. Answers like so that you can get around the system are perfectly acceptable. System Software James Leong Mook Seng.