The Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison - 1191 Words

The Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison is a story told from the first person point of view. The protagonist – who remains nameless – is speaking from the present but looking back on his past. In the first chapter, he talks about his grandfather, a freed slave, and his death. He talks about how his grandfather, someone who lived a quiet life, spoke in such a hateful way. The narrator, who now lives a quiet life just like his grandfather, remembers the words he said as he was dying, â€Å"agree ’em to death and destruction,† speaking of how the black community would â€Å"destroy† the white community. The words his grandfather said still haunt him, however, he insists on living a humble and quiet life. In fact, in his high school graduation speech he†¦show more content†¦Defender of the Faith by Philip Roth is an excerpt from his story, â€Å"Goodbye, Columbus† and is written from the first person point of view. Sergeant Marx, the narrator is unwillingly made the â€Å"defender of the faith† when a soldier, Grossbart is continually asking to be excused from things because of his faith, a faith that Marx shares. Eventually, Grossbart begins to take advantage of Marx’s willingness to defend their faith and doesn’t find out for a while longer that Grossbart has been lying to him the entire time and going other places. Marx’s tone starts out strict and has seemed to have lost any compassion he may have had in the past. Marx removed himself from his emotions in order to deal with what the army throws at him – in terms of enlistment and shipment overseas. In fact, Marx said that he was â€Å"fortunate enough† to travel â€Å"the weirdest of paths without feeling a thing.† Marx learns through the story that people would try to use generic excuses and exploit faith to get out of things they did not want to do or to â€Å"avoid their fate† which is something that he had accepted as a soldier and was angry that his soldiers had not done the same. After finding out what Grossbart has been doing – exploiting the Jewish faith- he changes Grossbart’s mission. This, was Marx’s version of â€Å"tough love† – looking out for Grossbart and hisShow MoreRelatedInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1366 Words   |  6 Pagesfighter left standing, amidst unbridled carnage. The titular narrator of Ralph Ellison s novel Invisible Man, is no stranger to those experiences. In the beginning, he is forced to fight several other black boxers for the amusement of many heckling, white spectators. Through the imaginative use of objects, symbols, allusions, and the actions, thoughts, and purposes of the spectators, pugilists and risquà © entertainment, Ellison seeks to express a powerful image of American race relations and womenRead MoreInvisible, Invisible Man, By Ralph Ellison1994 Words   |  8 PagesInvisible Race and Gender in Invisibl e Man, by Ralph Ellison In Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, the unnamed narrator shows us through the use motifs and symbols how racism and sexism negatively affect the social class and individual identity of the oppressed people. Throughout the novel, the African American narrator tells us the story of his journey to find success in life which is sabotaged by the white-dominated society in which he lives in. Along his journey, we are also shown how the patriarchyRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1246 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor of Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison, was born March 1st, 1914, and died April 16, 1994. He was born in Oklahoma City and named after Ralph Waldo Emerson, a famous journalist and poet. When Ellison was 3, his father died of a work-related accident, leaving his mother to care for him and his younger brother. As a young boy, he always wanted to major in music, and he went to Tuskegee University to become a composer and performer of music. The summer before his senior year in college, Ellison went toRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison Essay2164 Words   |  9 Pagestrying to rebel against the status quo. Protest literature emerged from the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920’s to 1930’s. Protest literature is used to address real socio-political issues and express objections against them. In his novel, The Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison exposes the racism in society by focusing on the culture, in regards to the expected assimilation of African Americans and how the time period largely influenced the mistreatment of the African American population. He also uses symbolsRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1277 Words   |  6 PagesInvisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, is a story about a young African American man whose color renders him invisible. The theme of racism as a hurdle to individual identity is present throughout the story in a variety of examples. From the beginning of the novel the theme of identity is evident as the narrator states, †Å"All my life I had been looking for something, and everywhere I turned someone tried to tell me what I was† (Ellison, p. 1254). In the midst of living in a racist American society the speakersRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison909 Words   |  4 PagesInvisible Man by Ralph Ellison is a novel which embodies the universal theme of self-discovery, of the search to figure out who one truly is in life which we all are embarked upon. Throughout the text, the narrator is constantly wondering about who he really is, and evaluating the different identities which he assumes for himself. He progresses from being a hopeful student with a bright future to being just another poor black laborer in New Your City to being a fairly well off spokesperson for aRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison977 Words   |  4 PagesBook Review: Invisible Man Invisible Man is an American Literature novel published by Ralph Ellison in 1952. The novel traces the experiences of a young college black man growing up in Harlem, New York. Attempting to succeed in a predominantly white society, the narrator encounters shocks and disillusionments from being expelled from college to hiding in an underground hole to protect himself from the people above. He lives a repressed life as an â€Å"Invisible Man† for he believes that society ignoresRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1032 Words   |  5 Pageslike modern society some people leads, and others will follow. Subjects will conditionally generate their own ideas and realize these ideas rather than just be assigned tasks that question their beliefs. The author Ralph Ellison illustrates it best. Ellison’s realistic fiction Invisible Man perpetuates the manifestation of manipulation over the minorities in this society. As the narrator embraces every identity he has been given, h e starts to become more independent, and a leader in his community. Read MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison3051 Words   |  13 Pagesportrayed through the narrator’s, the invisible man, journey through life. The problems with society are foreshadowed by the racism and the symbols of the color white presented in the paint plant. â€Å"The Invisible Man† by Ralph Ellison depicts the African Americans struggle to be viewed as an equal member of society through the narrators struggles through life to discover his individuality or place in society while the white man or the community conspires to â€Å"keep the black man down†. The story follows theRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1481 Words   |  6 PagesInvisible Man is a novel by Ralph Ellison, published in 1952. It addresses many of the social and intellectual issues facing African-Americans in the early twentieth century. This includes black nationalism, the relationship between black identity a nd Marxism, and the reformist racial policies of Booker T. Washington, as well as issues of individuality and personal identity. The grandson of slaves, Ralph Ellison was born in 1914 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and was raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma. His

Social Equity and Diversity Management - 1918 Words

In Chapter seven: â€Å"Social Equity and Diversity Management† (pp. 159-176) of Public Personnel Management Context and Strategies (6th Edition), Donald E. Klingner, John Nalbandian, and Jared Llorens start by stating t achieving social equity in the workplace has been a very politically charged issue for the past 50 years. The readings suggest that there are three major strategies in achieving social equity, they are equal employment opportunity (EEO), affirmative action (AA), and diversity management. Although often confused with one another, EEO and AA are two different methods of promoting social equity. Equal employment opportunity refers to the policy of treating all individuals in the employment process fair and equitable regardless of race and gender. Affirmative action refers to efforts on the part of the employer to address the effects of past discrimination when equal opportunity employment efforts are not enough. Diversity management refers to an employer’s effort to ensure that individuals of all backgrounds work together in a workplace and take advantage of the diversity which leads to productivity. There are many laws in the United States in concern to social equity, however by far the most important law is the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act prohibits employers or employment agencies from making personnel decisions based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin. It also gives the responsibility to enforce the provision of the law to the EqualShow MoreRelatedDiversity And Public Administration By Harvery L. White And Mitchell F. Rice967 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the book entitled, Diversity and Public Administration: by Harvery L. White and Mitchell F. Rice, they stated that Public administrative curriculum consist of public personnel management or human resources management; public management; public budgeting; organizational theory and behavior; research methods and qualitative analysis; policy analysis; and ethics (White Rice, pp.124). In 1970, an organization called National Associations of Schools of Public Affairs and AdministrationRead MoreGlob alization Has Become The Root Of Changing The Demographic Diversity Of The Workforce857 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization has become the root of changing the demographic diversity of the workforce in an organization throughout the world. Diversity does not only imply race and gender, but it shows that every person is different and that their culture is characterized as individual. Individuals in an organization have their own different customs, values, and perspectives; employers must be mindful of all of these differences. Successfully managing cultural differences would allow organizations to be moreRead MoreEssay on Develop and Implement Diversity Policy1264 Words   |  6 PagesDevelop and Implement Diversity Policy BSBDIV601A Q-1 List a number of benefit that diversity policy can bring to an organisation. How do these relate specifically to business objectives? A - A more diverse workforce... will increase organisational effectiveness. It will lift morale, bring greater access to new segments of the marketplace and enhance productivity. In short... diversity will be good for business. Diverse workplaces make good business sense for an organisation. A diverse workforceRead MoreThe Development Of Tourism And Hospitality Industry929 Words   |  4 Pagesindustry. Therefore, talented human resource management is important to hospitality industry. However, the quantity of jobs is unquestionable the quality of many of these jobs is of great concern to academics and policymakers alike (Nickson, D., 2013). According to Steve Goss-Turner, human resource (HR) actually originated from US in 1980s, which is a concise and accurate description of what is personnel and training or staff management. Human resources management (HRM) also can be defined by how peopleRead MoreClassroom Management And The Environment989 Words   |  4 PagesClassroom management is integral to the environment in which students learn. Classroom management serves to regulate the behaviors, practices and focus of students to elicit participation. When enacted in a culturally responsive way, classroom management extends to consider how a student’s culture influences their motivations and behaviors. Calloway indicates, â€Å"a positive relationship was found to exist between classroom management and cultural teaching† (Calloway, n.d, p. 5). Responsive teachingRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour the Pros and Cons.1634 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessful organizational diversity Management. Why is organizational diversity important? Historically, diversity in the workplace has been recognized as an employment equity issue. Now, however, diversity in the workplace is being recognized as a benefit that will contribute to an organizations bottom line. Increased employee and customer satisfaction end up as increased productivity, all of which are measurable outcomes (Goff, 1998). Diversity goes beyond employment equity to nurturing an environmentRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pages Diversity in a Workplace Discrimination are more common in workplaces, because some people only think of discrimination as making a distinction and judgment of a person based on color of skin. Discrimination goes far beyond color of skin. A person can be disseminated agonist for their age, disability, gender, religion, or even for being pregnant. In a workplace there are standards and policies in place to decrease the chances of a person being discriminated against. When the staff is diverseRead MoreDemographic Diversity And Cultural Diversity1700 Words   |  7 PagesDEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY GOPI KRISHNA CHALLA RIVIER UNIVERSITY Demographic and Cultural Diversity ABSTRACT The research is concerning Organizational Behavior which includes unusual types of Organizations with dissimilar types of public behaviors. Among that Demographic Diversity and Cultural Diversity of an Organization is extremely significant to turn into a triumphant organization or company in the marketplace Especially the Demographic and Cultural Diversity show the in good physicalRead MoreComparing The Philosophies Of The Institutions1338 Words   |  6 PagesPresent a Graphic Comparing the Philosophies of the Institutions Institution/Type Mission Vision Goals Northern Illinois University/ Public â€Å"According to Northern Illinois University 2016 The Division of Student Affairs Enrollment Management supports student academic and personal success through strategic recruitment and retention initiatives. The Division makes efforts to ensure student welfare and provide opportunities for engagement, leadership, and services that promote persistence throughRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity ( Eeo ), Affirmative Action And Diversity Initiatives Essay996 Words   |  4 PagesEqual Employment Opportunity (EEO), Affirmative Action and Diversity initiatives are three different concepts. However, they do have an inter-relation between them. Affirmative Action plans are initiated by the federal government. This programme ensures equal opportunities for employment and opportunities for self-development at workplace. It provides opportunities to qualified individuals who have been denied such opportunities in the past on some kind of discrimination. Primarily, it is a quota

Adolf Hitlers Belief Affected the World - 1513 Words

How Adolf Hitler’s Beliefs Affected Many Involved in World War II Adolf Hitler to some people, is considered one of the most infamous political rulers ever. Hitler was a German politician, and leader of the Nazi Party from 1933 to 1945 (Gale). While trying to seize control of Germany, Hitler was able to recruit new members from the German Workers Party and change the name, so that it would be well known in cities such as Munich. Finally in 1920 the name of the group was changed to the more eye-catching name, the National Socialist German Workers Party more easily referred to as the Nazi party (Baughman). By 1923, Hitler had become the main point of a leadership, and before it seized power in Germany, the Nazi Party functioned as an ironclad dictatorship (Baughman). An Ironclad dictatorship is when the power of the government comes from a single dictator. Hitler placed a government in order that were based off anti-Semitism racism. Anti-Semitism is the hatred and discrimination of a specific group of people. In particular the Jewish people (Gale). Hitler also based his new Nazi government off of his writings of Mein Kampf, and he followed the pursuit of Lebensraum, â€Å"living space†, for German people to have increased living space (Rice Jr. 105). Adolf Hitlers reign persecuted Slavic, Polish, and Jewish people In 1937, before World War II had even begun, Hitler announced to his inner circle that not only was he determined to make Germany the greatest power in the world,Show MoreRelatedWHY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SHOULD HAVE ATTACKED HITLER EARLIER1522 Words   |  7 Pagesdecision to go to war against Hitler’s Nazi Germany then the war may have concluded earlier and potentially saved millions of lives. Hitler and the Nazi’s were in power for eight years before the United States decided to join the allies and fight against Hitler’s regime. Approximately six million Jews were slaughtered in addition to millions of others during World War II. The United States delay in attacking Hitler caused a negative effect throughout the entire world. The facts present the question:Read MoreHitler s Influence On The World War II966 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II is believed to have resulted from many causes; however Hitler’s rise to power is assumed to have had a significant impact on the outbreak. Adolf Hitler was leader of the Nazi party, and his efforts to transform Germany’s society into one based on race resulted in Holocaust and world war. Using his position as Chancellor Hitler created a legal dictatorship. Not anyone could have seized power in Germany at that time. During Germany’s economic crisis, Hitler used his personal traits andRead MoreAdolf Hitler Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesAdolf Hitler was one of the most feared and cruel men in world history, but how did he come to power? Hitler was one out of a few men to be feared by thousands of people. Hilter was responsible for killing millions of innocent people, mostly of the Jewish religion. He was the chancellor of Germany for 12 years and the leader of the Nazi party. He was a very important person in history, most notably during World War II. When Hitler was young he moved to a town named Vienna, this is where he acquiredRead MoreAdolf Hitlers Oppression of the German people Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pageslater and the name Adolf Hitler still rings volumes till this present day: discussed in history books, talked about amongst intellects and commoners alike, and despised by many for years to come. Upon hearing his name many may think of all the negative things Hitler has done, but few fail to analyze just how one man created such controversy amongst a nation without being stopped. The question then lies how does a man reign over country and devastate it for years to come? Adolf Hitler, a man who excelledRead MoreThe Reason Behind The Genocide861 Words   |  4 Pagesdoes righteous good deed it is for (the benefit of) his own self, and whosoever does evil, it is against his own self, and your Lord is not at all unjust to (His) slaves,† (Fussilat 41:46), meaning that everyone is responsible for their own actions. A dolf Hitler is no longer alive therefore saying that he is living proof could not be justified. Leaving behind the fact that he is no longer alive, it can still be said that he was once proof that not everyone is responsible for their own actions. SomeRead MoreAdolf Hitler and the Holocaust1249 Words   |  5 PagesAdolf Hitler was the driving force behind the Holocaust. Many people think he was insane to torture the human race that way. Others praise him for attempting to exterminate the Jewish people. Some wonder what was going on inside his head when he had the first thought and/or plan of the Holocaust. A majority of the world just want to know what drove him or what made him hate the Jewish race so much. Studying Adolf Hitler’s beliefs can give the world history because he gave the world an insightRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles Ended World War I1480 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Treaty of Versailles ended World War I. The Treaty proclaimed that Germany was to take full blame of the war and pay several reparations, ergo Germany fell into a state of decline. The detestation for both the loss of war and the Treaty of Versailles are simply a few of the factors that enabled Adolf Hitler to rise to power. Hitler and the Nazi Party underwent many policies to construct his ideal Germany. This investigation will focus more directly on Hitler’s domestic policies and how they reflectedRead MoreNegative Essay : Meiin Kampf904 Words   |  4 PagesGermany officially became a Nazi state in 1933 when a man by the name of Adolf Hitler seized total power of the country. Mein Kampf, or â€Å"My Struggle†, was written in 1923 by A dolf Hitler in prison. This book clearly outlines Hitler’s ideology as well as his beliefs in making Germany a superpower. In Mein Kampf, the opening volume expresses Hitler’s relations with the Jews. Hitler clearly blames the fall of Germany and the economic crisis on the Jews. He mentions how Jews are selfish and stingy andRead MoreAntisemitism Before the Nineteeth Century766 Words   |  3 Pages Before the nineteenth century antisemitism was largely religious, based on the belief that the Jews were responsible for Jesus crucifixion. It was expressed later in the Middle Ages by persecutions and expulsions, economic and personal restrictions. After Jewish emancipation during the enlightenment, religious antisemitism was slowly replaced in the nineteenth century by racial prejudice, stemming from the idea of Jews as a distinct race. In Germany theories of Aryan racial superiority and chargesRead MoreThe Holocaust Research Paper847 Words   |  3 Pageswere so obliv ious. I will be talking about the events that occurred between 1933 and 1943. I will be summarizing how these specific events led to the rise of Hitler’s power and the Holocaust. I will summarize how these events affected people back then and how it has affected people today. Holocaust was one of the biggest travesties in the world. It took place between 1933 and 1945. Hitler, the Nazi leader and German chancellor, removed black people, gay people, gypsies and most commonly Jews from

Preventing Conflict Or Ethical Issues - 1579 Words

Ethics Paper On Preventing Conflict or Ethical Issues between Management and Stockholders Pranav Tuladhar MG670-101Q-Managerial Finance Professor Gracer Yung Monroe College March 27, 2017 PREVENTING CONFLICT OR ETHICAL ISSUES Introduction In the corporations with a huge quantity of workforces the managers are the individuals that accomplish the wealth in the finest concern of the stockholders (Boshkoska, 2015). In such kind of establishments, clash of importance may happen among the managers as well as the stockholders. Having additional data regarding the function of the organization, managers may utilize it in settling on choices for their own advantage, which then again can t be as useful for the shareholders. Irreconcilable†¦show more content†¦Hence, in this ethics paper, it explains and discourses about the approach taken to solve the ethical concerns or conflict among shareholders and firm managers known as agency problem or conflict. Goals and Objectives The foremost intention or goal of this ethics paper is to reply the subsequent questions: †¢ What is the principle of the notion of the organization ethical issue? †¢ What are the procedures that can help to overcome the agency problem? The research or investigation is built on the proposition that the elucidation for the conflict or ethical issue like agency dispute stay in the amalgamation of numerous procedures (Boshkoska, 2015). Understanding the Conflict of interest (Agency problem) In the present day enterprises that are the utmost complex authoritative category, the fiscal investment is partitioned among rather substantial quantity of stakeholders who might be utilized in the organization, additionally lawful elements or potentially individuals might be the proprietors of the organization (Nwidobie, 2013). Inside these substantial companies, the interests of the administrators, shareholders, and leads are interlaced. Because of the way that the quantity of proprietors is huge, the stakeholders who can t be utilized in the meantime,Show MoreRelatedPreventing Conflict And Ethical Issues1596 Words   |  7 Pages A Research Paper: Preventing Conflict or Ethical Issues Student Name Course Title Professor Name University Name March 27, 2017 A Research Paper PREVENTING CONFLICT OR ETHICAL ISSUES Introduction As per the corporative corporation type developed, the two purposes of proprietorship and administration are disconnected. In the corporations with a huge quantity of workforces the supervisors are the individuals that accomplish the wealth in the finest concern of the stockholders (BoshkoskaRead MoreEthics and Accountability in Public Service1697 Words   |  7 Pagesprevention of corruption and conflict of interest. The National Strategy and Programme for Corruption Prevention and Combating in 2004-2008 were adopted by the Latvian government in 2004. These two documents form the national anti-corruption policy of Latvia. This policy has a comprehensive approach to the fight against corruption based on three pillars: prevention of corruption, investigation and education of the public. One of the aims of the programme is to ensure ethical behaviour of public officialsRead MoreEthical And Ethical Dilemmas Of An Ethical Culture That Can Prevent Unethical Behavior Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesManagement’s role in creating an Ethical culture that can prevent unethical behavior 1 Management’s role in creating an Ethical culture that can prevent unethical behavior. Author: Lereiya Edmonson Martin Class: MGMT 630 In any organization, there are rules and regulations employees must follow for it to run smoothly. Therefore, this paper gives five types of ethical dilemmas that can occur in a work setting, and it will also help you understand ethical dilemmas managers faced when making aRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1291 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas in the Workplace As a manager, you are the role model for staff. You set the standards, adhere to guidelines, and exemplify what you expect staff to model. By doing so, you are establishing and sustaining an organizational culture of ethics and integrity, which is the backbone of all successful endeavors. However, even the best structured organizations face ethical dilemmas in the workplace. It is how management recognizes and addresses these occurrences that will either set themRead MoreEthics Of The American Counseling Association880 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Counseling Association (ACA, 2014) Code of Ethics, ethical principles are based on a set of values that include autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, and veracity. These ethics apply to all types of counseling including both group and individual therapy; however, different aspects of these ethical guidelines must be considered based on the therapeutic approach. This paper will identify several of these ethical issues as they relate specifically to group counseling, whileRead MoreThe Ethics Of Group Counseling885 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Counseling Association (ACA, 2014) Code of Ethics, ethical principles are based on a set of values that include autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, and veracity. These ethics apply to all types of counseling, including both group and individual therapy; however, different aspects of these ethical guidelines must be considered based on the therapeutic approach. This paper will identify several of these ethical issues as they relate specifically to group counseling, whileRead MorePrinciples And Standards Of Conduct1645 Words   |  7 Pagesall Team Members conduct business in an ethical, equitable, honest, and principled manner at all times. The Company prohibits its Team Members from engaging in any activity, practice, or act that does not conform to the Company’s standard of ethics, as detailed in this section. Team Members are not to engage in, either directly or indirectly, any conduct which is disruptive, in competition with, or damaging to the Company. This policy establishes the ethical standards of conduct and practices whichRead MoreIssues of Ethical Research683 Words   |  3 PagesIssues of Ethical Research The vast majority of ethical dilemmas regarding research and the involvement of human participants is associated with concerns that are decidedly monetary in nature. Of course, the most fundamental concerns for any such research would be to protect the health and the welfare of those human participants (Callahan 1998). This statement becomes particularly true when such a population group pooled for research includes specialty subjects such as elderly people, pregnant womenRead MoreInterventions And Strategies That Can Help The Supervisee s Recognize And Manage Dual Relationships When They Arise1350 Words   |  6 PagesInterventions and strategies that I would be use for preventing dual relationships in supervisory would be to implement a policy that abides by the NASW Code of Ethic, providing training, having mandatory meeting, and continuing educations for the supervisees. The training should consist risk management skills, how to maintain a healthy relationships with supervisees and clients, how to handle boundary violations, and how to make ethical decisions. The clinical should implement a conceptual frameworkRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Stakeholders1162 Words   |  5 Pagesvital for success. The human resources goal is to comply with ethical codes, policies and procedures as well as all state, federal, and national laws. (Company Name) has a reputation for integrity, and this integrity reflects the company’s code of conduct. The human resources is a goal-oriented department committed to making stakeholders interest a priority within the company. Therefore, hiring qualified, employees trained in the ethical codes, polices, and procedures as specified in company goals

Class mobility free essay sample

This paper looks at how much social class origin, caste and community and gender affect one’s chances of moving ahead in society by getting managerial and professional jobs and this trend changes over time. DATA: National election survey of 2004 contains information on class, caste background and current occupation. National sample survey data over years have been used to look at sectoral distribution of labour forces. METHOD: Classes have been studied under five classifications and similarly castes have classified under eight categories and both are socially viable. Absolute mobility has been used to study intergenerational social mobility and after allowing for structural changes, relative mobility has been analyzed by using odds ratio. Finally to study the effect of castes/community on social mobility logistic regression have been used with access to salariat class destination as dependent variable and class origins and castes as independent variables. To look at the trends over time, five year birth cohort data have been used with focus on father’s occupation to avoid any impact of life-cycle process. We will write a custom essay sample on Class mobility or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page HYPOTHESIS: Since India has gone through various social economic changes over years, like a capitalist country it is expected to become more open with greater equality of opportunities after liberalization of post 1980s. Therefore, equality of opportunity should rise along with a rise in absolute mobility. Discussion to patterns of intergenerational mobility of men and women is limited only to paid employment. EVALUATION: Paper pointed out that proportion of Indian labour in trade, manufacture and services has risen but the largest workforce participation still remains in agriculture. There has been an increasing room at the top and agricultural workers and farmer’s participation has declined over time. More women as compared to men remain in agricultural occupations. Also, the occupational change has been there prior to liberalization. Therefore, we do not see any impact of modernization in the changing occupational patterns. Crosstabs of NES data between classes of father and respondent clearly shows a stable intergenerational society for both men and women. A trend analysis of absolute mobility shows decreasing upward mobility and increasing downward mobility as opposed to our hypothesis. Trends in inequality of opportunity calculated by using odds ratio and then by log linear model (appropriate way to test for increasing fluidity) shows a clear pattern of increasing inequality of opportunity both in agriculture and informal sector but grater in farming sector. A higher odds ratio of farmer: salariat than manual: salariat ratio points out some sectoral barriers in addition to class barriers. Also, the movement between farming and salariat jobs is harder for women. Overall there has been little demonstrable increase in equality of opportunity in Indian society. When the impact of castes was analysed is was seen that by using the logit regression and recoding castes in eight distinctive categories no clear trend could be observed for both men and women. Rather the father’s class has been a strong determining factor for access to salaried class destinations. Surprisingly India which is a caste based society and policies of reservation are also based on castes, it is the class which determines the upward social mobility. Caste reservation does not seen to have benefitted the SCs and STs as might have been hoped. CRITIC The paper in the beginning explained various modernization theses and asking research questions based on demand and supply side issues. It was said that we explore these various possibilities in remainder of the chapter. But the whole focus was concentrated only on class and lastly caste analyses. Competitive market, formalized recruitment procedure and equality of condition were not incorporated as results of modernization as per my understanding. I am not aware though if such a method is possible. Secondly, not undertaking the marital social mobility of women has been considered a limitation in the study but since the paper looks at the social mobility in terms of access to salarit jobs, marriage of a women to a higher class individual than her father does indicate a net upward social mobility of her living standard but not her chances of getting a better job. Even if this argument doen’t sounds good then a social mobility through marriage is not in any case an indicator of modernization of society. Lastly, in the birth cohort method, one has to self calculated roughly where exactly the period of liberalization has been shown on the table or graph. Since our focus is on modernization, had there been a mention of period of liberalization along the birth years it would have been easy to anlyze the changes before and after the liberalization.

Literacy Learning in the Early Years-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Explore the Possible Impact of Multiliteracies and Technology on literacy teaching in the Future. Answer: With the advent of science and advanced technology, it is obvious that the classrooms and the education system at large is expected to become more complex and dynamic in future. In order to impact students learning in the most desirable way, the use of information and communication technology will become indispensible. The future course of education is bound to be revolutionized, as a result of which the teaching materials, assessment practices as well as learning environments will change (Siemens, 2014). There is no point stating the fact that every moment in todays world, technology and multimedia are changing how people communicate and this is bound to affect the education system as well. The following essay intends to discuss and critically analyze the future of literacy teaching as well as the possible impact of technology on the academic learning process. First of all, it can be anticipated from now only that the future will be dominated by the visual literacy system, whereby traditional, printed books will be replaced by electronic books easily available on the tablets and smart phones (Hey et al., 2009). The text-based literacy will soon evolve and transform into a digital system of education, also referred to as digital technology, where chalk and blackboard will become absolutely irrelevant. First of all, education will no longer remain confined and will rather expand to different corners of a country. With the emergence of massive online courses, students may not need to visit the school, and will be able to complete their education by simply sitting back at home (Gee, 2013). The online cohort of students can stay at any part of the world and will choose to complete their education from some of the big, global schools, that may not necessarily be located in the native lands of the students (Green, 2015). However, for the implemen tation of such an effective education system, it is important to ensure that a fast and robust internet connection and hence the development of a strong infrastructure will become indispensible in future. It is also important to have a look at the learning environment of the class room of future schools as well. As mentioned earlier, many young students may not get themselves enrolled in a physical school and literacy will be achieved virtually. Even though some students may prefer to go to the schools, they will not be over dependent on the teacher, and are likely to be provided with wearable devices like Google Glasses, that will help the students learn digitally via electronic books and academic websites, without the need of sitting in front of a computer or holding a hand-held device like tablets or smart phones (Palaiologou, 2016). With the help of these devices, the students will learn a new rhyme or a new alphabet digitally. The assessment tests as well as annual examinations will be carried out as well as checked online, and more advanced version of cloud technology, will enable the teachers to calculate grades online as well as maintain online student grade database (Burnard et al., 2006). The classrooms will be completely paperless, and neither will there be any book, nor any mark sheet. The school teachers are likely to create apps that will motivate the young learners take interest in the curriculum (Hopkins et al., 2013). The children can have rhymes and stories in one app, which will comprise of interesting audio clips that will facilitate the development of vocabulary. On the other hand, another app can help a child draw and scribble through the screen as he learns to write new alphabets and numbers (Comber Kamler, 2005). With the development of advanced technology, innovative apps will be made accessible to each child whereby the child can write a number or an alphabet, and there will be auto-correction settings, that will inform the child whether he is right or wrong. The pedagogical theories suggest that students feel motivated and take active interest in the learning process when they are being provided with interesting things like tablets an d phones, and this motivation achieved through digital teaching will help the future child improve vocabulary use, comprehension ability and critical thinking. The education system will become more dynamic, plural and flexible in future. In fact, it should be noted that one has to think of literacy in more than the alphabetic sense. It needs to include the skills of every kind, especially the skill of reading images and elements of design, and while also taking into account the cultural and linguistic diversity of the future students. This can in fact be an invaluable resource as per turning around pedagogy that intends to turn around the issue of student failure and disengagement. In future, students will not have to suffer from the problem of learning disengagement. It often happens that many children come to school with virtual school bags that are full of various cultural and linguistic resources (Echenique et al. 2015). And yet only a handful of students are able to open their bags and make use of what is inside while the knowledge, experiences and skills of many children still remain invisible and unutilized at school (Blikstein, 2013 ). However, the virtual educational set up will help teachers to communicate with the parents, actively engage them in the learning process even when the child is at school. As and when a child exhibits signs of reluctance to study more, his mother could be called for participation via videoconferencing apps. The students coming from disadvantaged communities will consequently be able to benefit a lot in an online environment, as they will not need to come a long way to complete education (Selwyn, 2015). From the above discussion, it is clearly evident that in future, the students will be able to enjoy a more effective early childhood education system that will assist them in active engagement and encourage greater motivation. The digital literacy tools in a dynamic, virtual classroom will help in creating an organized learning environment that will offer comprehensive academic solutions to students of every community. Reference List: Blikstein, P. (2013). Digital fabrication and makingin education: The democratization of invention.FabLabs: Of machines, makers and inventors,4. Burnard, P., Craft, A., Cremin, T., Duffy, B., Hanson, R., Keene, J., ... Burns, D. (2006). Documenting possibility thinking: A journey of collaborative enquiry.International Journal of Early Years Education,14(3), 243-262. Comber, B., Kamler, B. (2005).Turn-around pedagogies: Literacy interventions for at-risk students. Primary English Teaching Association (PETA). Echenique, E. G., Molas, L. M., Bullen, M. (2015). Students in higher education: Social and academic uses of digital technology.International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education,12(1), 25-37. Gee, J. P. (2013).The anti-education era: Creating smarter students through digital learning. St. Martin's Press. Green, T. (2015). Flipped classrooms: An agenda for innovative marketing education in the digital era.Marketing Education Review,25(3), 179-191. Hay, I., Fielding-Barnsley, R. (2009). Competencies that underpin children's transition into early literacy.Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, The,32(2), 148. Hopkins, L., Brookes, F., Green, J. (2013). Books, bytes and brains: The implications of new knowledge for children's early literacy learning.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,38(1), 23. Palaiologou, I. (2016). Children under five and digital technologies: implications for early years pedagogy.European Early Childhood Education Research Journal,24(1), 5-24. Selwyn, N. (2015). Data entry: towards the critical study of digital data and education.Learning, Media and Technology,40(1), 64-82. Siemens, G. (2014). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age.

Indian Caste System Research Paper free essay sample

India, the seventh largest country by area with over 1. 2 billion people, has one of the most diverse religious life and traditions in the entire world. It is the birthplace of four of the world’s major religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. (1) The Tribal communities of India are one of the oldest and longest surviving religious groups in the world today. With Hinduism being the largest religion in India, each of the traditions plays a major role in their society. A major tradition that still exists today is the caste system. (2) Throughout the society of India, the Caste system greatly influenced the daily lives of people in both the past and the present. The word, caste, has several meanings and is hard to explain by itself. According to Risley, â€Å"A caste may be defined as a collection of families or group of families bearing a common name which usually denotes or is associated with specific occupation claiming common descent from a mythical ancestor, human or divine, professing to follow the same professional calling and are regarded by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming single and homogeneous community†. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Caste System Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A. W. Green while defining caste says, â€Å"Caste is a system of stratification in which mobility, mobility, movement up and down the status ladder at least ideally may not occur†. (4) The Indian Caste system is historically one of the main dimensions where people in India are socially differentiated through class, religion, region, tribe, gender, and language. It is a process of placing people in occupational groups. It dictates the type of occupations a person can pursue and social interactions that he or she may have. Several characteristics distinguish a caste system. The first is the tendency toward endogamy, meaning that people marry within the same caste only. Caste mobility is also extremely rare, since one cannot transform from a laborer to a scholar except in rare circumstances, for example. Higher castes traditionally hold all the political power and the castes may be divided further through language or culture. India’s caste system has four main classes, also called varnas, based originally on personality, profession, and birth. (5) The Brahman caste is on the top, usually containing priests and scholars. They consist of those engaged in scriptural education and teaching, essential for the continuation of knowledge. According to Gian Chand Chauhan, the author of Some Aspects of Early Indian Society, â€Å"The Brahman was essentially defined by its supposed priority, by knowledge to the Vedic traditions, and by the monopoly this class holds on the operation of the sacrifice. (6) The second class, the Kshatriya, take on all forms of public service, including administration, maintenance of law and order, and defense. Unlike the Brahman’s, the Kshatriya was characterized by physical and martial strength. â€Å"These qualities also determine their relations with others between the higher Brahman class and with the rule over the slower Varnas. † (6) The class that came after was the Vaishyas, who were Engage in commercial activity as businessmen, and were often known for their productivity in the sense of both human reproduction and the production of wealth and material goods. The lowest class, the Sudra, worked as semi-skilled and unskilled laborers. Compared to other classes, â€Å"the Sundra were tools to enjoy at will and were kept attached to upper-Varnas, referred as a servant of another to be dismissed at will and to be murdered at will. † (6) The Caste system in India can be described as a complex social hierarchy distinguishing India’s social structure from any other country in the world. The earliest expressions of caste can be found in one of India’s vast bodies of religious scripture known as the Vedas, which are thought to have been complied between 1500 and 1000 BCE. It was transmitted orally for many generations before being written down. Of the many cultures that flourished in India, the literary records of the Indo-Aryan culture are not the earliest. But they contain the first mention and a continuous history of the factors that make up the caste system. â€Å"The Aryans came from southern Europe and northern Asia with fair skin that contrasted with the indigenous natives in India. When they arrived, their main contact was with the Dravidians. †(8) The only other culture whose records are dependable about the origins of the caste system are the Dravidians, but when that culture’s documents were put forwards, it had already been largely influenced by the Indo-Aryan tradition. Unfortunately, the Aryans completely disregarded their local cultures and began conquering regions all over north India. At the same time, the local people were pushed south towards jungles of mountains in north India Up until 1947, the caste was used by the British who ruled India. The British who wanted to rule India efficiently made lists of Indian communities. â€Å"They used two terms to describe Indian communities: Castes and Tribes. The term caste was used for Jats and also for Varnas. Tribes were those communities who lived deep in jungles, forests and mountains far away from the main population and also communities who were hard to be defined as castes for example communities who made a living from stealing or robbery. These lists, which the British made, were used later on by the Indian governments to create lists of communities who were entitled for positive discrimination. † (7) Although some prejudice and ranking still exist in India today, wealth and power is not less associated with caste. It plays a less significant role in the daily lives of people who live in urban areas compared to rural areas, but it still varies by social class and what occupation you are. Throughout the whole urban middle classed people, caste is not openly discussed and is known to be insignificant except during marriages. â€Å"Although discrimination based on caste has been outlawed in India, the government made up a different name for a â€Å"caste system†, â€Å"positive discrimination†. But in reality it’s just another caste system, separating the higher class from the lower class. Even though the positive discrimination is considerably less severe than the original caste system, it still limits a person’s true potential. † (5) In India today, many people have newer occupations that aren’t related to their caste at all, such as government jobs, services, and teaching. Power and wealth is also less associated with caste compared to the past. â€Å"A womans status is still significantly tied to the status of the male, but education and awareness of equalization for women has widely spread throughout India†(7) The caste system in India has played a significant role in shaping the occupations and roles as well as values of their society. It has greatly affected people by separating them by class, religion, region, tribe, gender, and language. In both history and today’s India, people are still limited by the caste system. Even though numerous movements challenging the caste system has encourage people not to discriminate against other caste members, the idea of caste will never be removed from Hinduism. The chains of Indias self-imposed oppression of caste will remain as long as Hinduism remains.

Locke vs. Burke from Political Authority and Glorious Revolution to the Interpretation of Liberalism and Conservatism

Introduction: Locke and Burke, Together at Last Even though much time has passed since the XVII century, putting the names of Locke and Burke in one sentence already seems quite provoking, as if two rivals have been seated at the same table.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Locke vs. Burke: from Political Authority and Glorious Revolution to the Interpretation of Liberalism and Conservatism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite not being as known by the modern population as his opponent, Burke was also quite influential with his ideas at the time, and these ideas were quite conflicting with the concepts offered by Locke. Taking a closer look at the ideas which the two philosophers expressed, one can possibly find a golden mean in their arguments. Foundations of Political Authority: Where Power Rests Every state needs certain regulations to be based upon, and these regulations are to be provided by the people st anding at the helm of the state. Without a decent political authority, a state cannot exist, which Locke and Burke both understood well. Offering their interpretations of what an ideal political authority must be like, they provide the ideas which, of collided, appear to be the exact opposite of each other. Locke’s equality ideas, revisited A true Liberalist at heart, Locke focused his idea of state power on the concept of freedom and equality, which tossed the philosopher into extreme liberal ideas. As Mack explains, Locke positioned personal freedom as the primary goal of every citizen, as a specific the law of nature. Therefore, according to Locke, political authority should emerge only when there is an urge to use its power: â€Å"The motivating idea of state of nature theorizing is that we can determine what the purpose and proper extent of political authority is by seeing what sort of problems would beset us in the absence of all political authority† (Mark, 2009, 23).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Burke: the power of the opposition In a sharp contrast to Locke’s free-spirited and somewhat anarchist moods, Burke displayed the desire to establish strong and down-to-earth set of laws and regulations based on monarchist ideas. It is quite peculiar that Burke not only exercises the principle of natural right – he takes it to another extreme: â€Å"it became an exclusive criterion for the legitimacy of any political power whatsoever† (Parkin, 2011, 9). However, in Burke’s reality, even the law of nature is supposed to support the idea of monarchy as the only possible political system. Looking for Utopia: the golden mean It seems that the ideal solution is the golden mean between Locke and Burke’s ideas. It is not quite reasonable to offer complete freedom to people, for they need to be guided by certain regulations to live in a state. However, the idea of natural right seems even less appealing – while people have to relate to nature, these are the basic moral standpoints that define their humanity. Hence, Locke’s ideas seem more applicable. Glorious Revolution in the Eyes of Burke and Locke Unlike wars, which are usually planned in the most cool-blooded manner several months and even years before starting the actual attack on the enemy’s state, revolutions, which are headed against the government of the native country, are usually considered a sign of a rapidly approaching change. There are many ways to consider revolutions from a historical perspective; and the example of Locke and Burke is a perfect way to show that revolutions cannot be taken for granted. Clashing in an argument, both philosophers offer a legitimate interpretation of the Glorious Revolution and its purpose.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Locke vs. Burke: from Politi cal Authority and Glorious Revolution to the Interpretation of Liberalism and Conservatism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More National tradition instead of abstract commonplaces: Burke Weirdly enough, Burke, the man who considered order and compliance with rules the basis for the society to ground on, seemed to approve of certain types of revolutions. While interpreting the French Revolution as â€Å"another manifestation of the regicidal, destabilizing forces unleashed during the English Civil War† (Rooney, 2012, 26), Burke seemed to approve of the Glorious Revolution. However, he explained his opinion on the significance of the latter in his own manner of a logical yet unexpected argumentation, describing the Glorious revolution as a â€Å"culmination of historical processes† (Rooney, 2012, 26). While the French Revolution was destructive for the society, the Glorious Revolution spurred the state development and heralded the return to the ancient laws of England (Rooney, 2012, 26). Treatises to defend the revolution: Locke’s passion Unlike one might have expected, Locke shared Burke’s vision of the Glorious Revolution as the force which is bound to change the society for the better. However, Locke believed in the success of the Glorious Revolution for different reasons than his opponent, which defined the key difference between the two. While Burke believed that the Glorious Revolution will help England return back to its traditions, unlike the French Revolution, which made the French society even less integrated, Locke supposed that the Glorious Revolution because he â€Å"saw the Glorious Revolution as an opportunity to change the political situation† (Suckow, 2007, 8). Therein lies the difference between the two philosophers. In the midst of a bloodbath: Glorious Revolution, unveiled While the effects which the Glorious Revolution has had on England and its political situati on, it is necessary to admit that it was, first of all, a huge bloodbath.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence, no matter what their political ideas could be, people felt that they have achieved something with a huge effort. Therefore, it seems that the Glorious Revolution was more of a revelation for the people of their power to choose and to change. When the Elephant Meets the Unicorn: Liberals vs. Conservatives As it follows from the example of two great philosophers mentioned above, there is no way to choose the right ideology – both Liberalism and Conservatism seem quite legitimate when their basic ideas are applied to a specific situation in a specific context. Therefore, it is highly unlikely that one of the given theories can be proven completely wrong; it is the time context and the political situation which predetermines the reasonability to resort to either Liberal or Conservative ideas. However, if comparing and contrasting some of the basic Liberal and Conservative ideas, one can possibly decide which of the theories works for a certain person in a specific timeslot . Le sage Locke has its say: liberals attack The concept offered by Locke, or â€Å"le Sage†, as his followers called him, seem quite in tune with the general idea of people’s rights and freedoms. Indeed, according to the key postulates of Liberals, the main idea behind their political theory lies in offering people their freedoms and leaving them to choose the path which they are going to take. As Kelly puts it, It derives from a recognition of the equal moral worth and standing of all individuals, but it also claims that this view places limits on the scope of moral claims given the fact of reasonable pluralism of moral views in modern democratic societies. (Kelly, 2005, 3) Hence, liberalism allows for the freedom of choice, yet this freedom is restricted by the moral standards governing in a certain state. The father of Anglo-conservatism rises However, the theory of Conservatism seems rather legitimate as well. As Aughey, Jones, Terence and Riches explain, â€Å"t he nature of conservatism at any one time in any one place is the distinctive (perhaps incoherent) discourse of its philosophical, dogmatic and policy expressions† (Aughey, Jones, Terence Riches, 1992, 20). Rooted in the state traditions and clinging onto the approaches which have stood the time testing, Conservatism seems rather resistant to the innovative approaches yet more prone to the mistakes triggered by newly adopted solutions. When the balance must be maintained It seems that in the modern world, the liberal ideas are much more popular and appealing to people. Recognizing people’s rights and freedoms, liberalism must be the key political force. However, people still need conservative ideas to balance the liberal ones out. Conclusion: Standing the Test of Time When it comes to deciding either which of the philosophers is more influential or which of them has contributed to changing the United Kingdom as people know it, there is no way to choose between Locke an d Burke – both have shaped the politics of the state greatly, as well as contributed to the development of the English philosophical thought. Despite the fact that some of the ideas which the philosophers offered seem a bit dated nowadays, e.g., Locke’s Utopian concepts, or Burke’s idea of keeping the traditions of the ancestors, which he drove to a complete extreme, there is still a lot to give the two philosophers credit for. Reference List Aughey, A., Jones, G., Terence, W. Riches, M. (1992). The Conservative political  tradition in Britain and the United States. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. Kelly, P. (2005). Liberalism. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Mark, E. (2009). John Locke. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group. Parkin, C. (2011). The moral basis of Burke’s political thought: An essay. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Rooney, M. (2012). The French Revolution debate and the British novel, 1790  1 814: The struggle for history’s authority. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield. Suckow, R. (2007). Preparation of the Glorious Revolution – an analysis of  philosophical writings. Berlin, DE: GRIN Verlag. This essay on Locke vs. Burke: from Political Authority and Glorious Revolution to the Interpretation of Liberalism and Conservatism was written and submitted by user Geraldine Flynn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Mourning Process A Critical Analysis from Different Perspectives

Ethnic Stereotyping

Ethnic Stereotyping Think Twice Before You JudgeEthnic stereotype is a false statement that has been repeated so many times that is accepted by many people as generally true. The use of ethnic stereotypes often leads to misunderstanding and hurt feelings. Some stereotypes, based on unbiased observations of actual behavior, can be accurate and useful. During my first semester at KCC my friend and I went to the library to get a current event from the T.V. for an upcoming assignment. As we were watching the news, she commented that she was afraid of North Korea more than Iraq because, and I quote, "Don't take this the wrong way, but Koreans are cruel ruthless killers." I was completely shocked and speechless. My Korean blood was boiling inside, but I managed to act cool and said that there are cruel people in every community. Of all things I didn't expect her to make a rude comment like that.J. and P. CoatsI felt really upset because she is my best friend and I couldn't possibly think why she said somethin g so rude and hurtful.Name-calling, pre-judgments, false assumptions of ethnic stereotyping are all examples of small-scaled problems in our society. Ethnic stereotyping can lead to irrational fear, suspicion and hate that will represent a major threat to democratic and open society. This can also lead to social harm when the categories we create to group people become the basis for prejudice. As a society we need to become more culturally competent. This is having cultural awareness and sensitivity towards others. Cultural competence teaches appropriate behaviors, respect and mutual understanding. We need to learn respect what we may not always understand another individuals experience. We need to accept the fact that we may not always know everything. We need to have the willingness to pursue information in...

Social Responsibility essays

Social Responsibility essays Social Responsibility I dont think scientists should be obligated to consider and figure out how their work will affect society, if they decide to go through with it. Sometimes scientist might not even have their work planned, but then all of a sudden in a daze they formulate a calculation to improve something already in existence or invent something totally new. They would probably become so caught up that they might not think too much of the effects, but instead of seeing the bad contributions they see the good that could be used of their work. Also maybe they believe that the government would control it to where it only benefits society in a good way. If I were in Einsteins place I would probably feel slightly responsible for the consequence of the atomic bomb, which his research in physics helped create. Wonder if Einstein hadnt had come up with the way to create an atomic bomb. Then the Manhattan Project, lead by J.R. Oppenheimer, would have never began. If their atomic bomb wo uld have never been created then the Enola Gay wouldnt have been able to drop the bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945. Even though their creation did result in massive casualties and deformities for many years after the bombing of Hiroshima, it probably saved more lives than it took. If the Japanese would have surrendered then Hiroshima would have never happened and even after the bombing they still wouldnt give up so three days later another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Without the dropping of the bombs World War 11 might have gone on, killing more people then possibly dropping the bomb resulted in. Why should scientist be the only ones to consider what type of effect their work would have on society. Writers should think about the effect their work might have. During the prelude of the Civil War Harriet Beecher Stowes book Uncle Toms Cabin was pub...

The Letter Z Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet

The Letter Z Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet The Letter Z Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet The Letter Z Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet By Guest Author Surprising as it sounds, it looks like the English alphabet will be losing one of its letters on June 1st. The announcement came from the English Language Central Commission (ELCC). Here is a quote from the press release: After carefully considering and debating the matter for over two years, the ELCC came to the conclusion that the letter Z should be removed from the English alphabet. The main objective of this change is to simplify the phonetic aspect of the language, and to unify the American and British spellings. What will happen to the words that have the letter z in them? It depends on the word. According to the ELCC, words that started with a z will now start with an x. Examples include: zero becomes xero zoo becomes xoo zone becomes xone zodiac becomes xodiac Words that featured a z with the s sound, on the other hand, will now be officially written with the s (i.e., unifying the American and British spelling). Examples include: visualize becomes visualise analyze becomes analyse materialize becomes materialise What do you think about this change? Will it really simplify the English language, or will it make things more confusing? This post is an April fools prank. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives Abstract Nouns from AdjectivesPassed vs Past

Fundraise to cure Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundraise to cure Autism - Essay Example Some of the explanations for the occurrence of autism are explained by the presence of heavy metal in the environment and pesticides or the vaccines given at child hood. The later lacks scientific proof and do not hold any fact. The prevalence of autism is said to have assumed an upward trend and for every 1,000 births in the US, 11 are diagnosed with autism-courtesy of the Centre for Disease Control (Belli, 24). With reference to autism, most of the children who are diagnosed cannot be given proper management of the disease for recovery due to their parent inability to pay for the cost of the management. Autism is not given direct medication; it is a collection of psychosocial intervention to give remedies in this situation, which includes; occupational therapy, language and speech therapy, structured teaching, and social skills among other (Struat,2011). The specialist who can offer the management of the condition needs payment, which may not be forthcoming to most of the parent. In a bid to show solidarity with the affected families, I call for a fundraising to help the families foot the bills for the medication purpose. I believe that through fundraising we are able to constitute a significant pool of resources that will enable us take care of the situation in helping our nation not to have generation that are not socially active. The fund raising is not stipulating any specific amount but will be a way of joining hands to realize a specific goals where individuals would have not made it. I therefore appeal the entire public to purpose contributing towards eradication of the condition amidst us. The two pictures displayed below shows the effect of the condition to a child who has not been given any attention in the management of the condition and one who has been attended to. This will help you understand the seriousness of the condition if left unattended (Randolph, 2012). Issues involving fundraising

Communication in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Communication in business - Essay Example Though we had some problems in the past, we have successfully overcome them and are now viewing ourselves as a socially responsible company that works in cooperation with the society and its individual members. We are committed to our consumers and stakeholders, and are actively supporting a number of CSR programs with the help of our worldwide CSR initiatives. The Coca-Cola Foundation has given us the knowledge and expertise on reaching out to people and communities all over the world. Therefore, on the basis of our own experience, as well as best world practices, in this letter we would like to address the following principles of United Nation’s Global Compact, which we view as the guiding principles for conducting business in current economic, political and social environment: Principle 4: Businesses should uphold the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labor. Principle 8: Businesses should undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility (United Nations Global Compact, 2010). Protecting human rights and well-being of our planet are among the primary objectives of Coca Cola. We believe these aspects of business should be fundamental for every organization in order for all of us to help the planet be a better, safer and healthier place. Therefore, with regards to these Global Compact principles, we recommend that the members of the Australasian Local Network should: Develop and implement internal, integrated into corporate strategy and corporate culture, policies for preventing and fighting all forms of forced and compulsory labor. The companies are welcome and encouraged to take a look at, and view as an example, our Human Rights Statement (Staff, 2013). This document may serve as a guide for developing own, company-specific, set of policies and strategies. It is also useful to cooperate with human rights experts in order to expand and deepen the company’s understanding the issues related to human rights and f ighting forced labor. Design and implement a forced labor awareness program to educate host communities on their employment rights. At Coca Cola we believe that not only the company itself, but also the society should take aware of how to prevent forced labor practices. Though it may be a challenge in some countries and communities, companies should adhere to internationally accepted practices and principles and promote them within the host communities. Notify and oblige suppliers to follow the company’s policy for preventing and fighting forced and compulsory labor. As an example, we created Supplier Guiding Principles that outline the rights and obligations of our suppliers in terms of human rights. This document is a part of all the agreements between Coca-Cola and its suppliers, so our suppliers are required to obey our guidelines in treating and protecting the rights of workers and members of the communities, with which the suppliers work (Staff, 2013). The Guiding Princ iples are supported by implementation guides, which help our partners to comply with the global best practices in terms of fighting forced and compulsory labor. Conduct a deep audit of the company’s waste and emissions levels in order to identify areas for improvement, saving and elimination environment contamination. It is a very important CSR issue, with which we had direct negative experience: we did suffer from groundwater exploitation in the villagers of Kerala and

Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Narrative - Essay Example In June 13, 1775, Leaders of the Colonial forces had collected intelligence that the British troops were planning to march Boston and occupy the surrounding hills. Consequently, 1,200 colonial troops under the control of William Prescott engaged Bunker Hill and Breeds Hill and they formed fortifications for a sudden and unexpected attack. From the beginning, American troops had marked remarkable victory against British Army and the British troops lost â€Å"over a third of the attacking forces, with a high number of commissioned officers, which was shocking news† (Maps of world.com). After the initial crisis, British Army powerfully returned to the battlefield and they captured the Hill and its surroundings completely. Absence of modern weapons and organized war strategies paved the way for unexpected turn in the battle. Death of Major John Pitcairn had pressed the revolutionary forces to withdraw from battlefield. In addition, Colonists failed to overcome the presence of ammu nition. Accompanied with modern weapons bayonet-equipped instruments British Army detained the upper hand. More than 115 American revolutionists were killed, 305 wounded and 30 captured. In case of Britain, 226 were killed and more than 800 wounded in the battle. Historians have identified number of reasons behind the battle related with politics, administration, problem of representation and taxation. The Stamp Act of 1765 imposed unnecessary taxes among the colonists and they were forced to pay taxes for necessary things. Mary Englar observes that ‘Many Colonists claimed Great Britain didn’t have the right to tax them’ (Englar 8). Similarly, Colonists had faced severe identity crisis and they did not get representation in administration. Another important reason is that Britain established some provoking military reforms in Boston and its surrounding areas and these military

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 38

Case Study - Essay Example Recruitment or talent acquisition can be defined as â€Å"the set of activities and processes used to legally obtain a sufficient number of qualified people at the right place and time so that the people and the organization can select each other in their own best short and long term interests (Schuler, 1987). The talent acquisition methodology adopted by Jamie is also a key learning from the case. Jamie recruited people based on their potential and trainability. This was done by a series of assessment tests. It is clear that the people recruited for the organization are suitable to help achieve the organization’s vision. Jamie had used various techniques to assess potential candidates. The techniques used by Jamie were aimed at finding the right person for the job. In a similar way, a manager while hiring potential candidates shall make use of different recruitment techniques to ensure that the person selected is the most suitable for the job. The training process imparted by Jamie to his trainees was a thorough with clear plan. Classroom coaching was accompanies with practical activity. Each component of the training was aimed at improving the skills of the candidates. For example, he had week camping session to foster team spirit. He also had the trainees learn about livestock farming and quality evaluation which is an important part of a chef’s job. In a similar fashion, it is necessary that the training process of an organization is directed towards imparting specific skills to the candidates with continuous involvement from the manager. Jamie was supportive towards the weaker students. This ensured that every candidate got equal opportunity to perform and learn. An organization should have a clear and concise plan for the improvement of the weak performers. Having such a performance improvement plan not only improves the employee’s morale but also organization’s effectiveness. It is important to understand that each individual in the

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

International Business - Essay Example They are different listings; however, they are one business unit and managed by the same people. A few of the major brands out of its portfolio of more than 400 brands are: Dove Ben & Jerry’s Knorr Lipton Lux Surf Tresseme Toni & Guy Sunsilk Flora (Unilever, n.d.) Unilever is present in more than 100 countries of the world with different brands and has great global presence. They focus on local knowledge and cater to the consumer’s needs in every market and that is why consumers worldwide prefer their products. They help consumers get the most out of life and out of their products and thus they translate the vitality of life through their products. Unilever’s major competitors are P&G and Nestle. These are its direct competitors all over the world however they face competition from local competitors in places as well such as Henkel, Johnson and Johnson, Reckitt Benckiser, PepsiCo etc. (Smith, 1995) Unilever in India Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) was formed in 1933 however as Lever Brothers and later it came to be Unilever by a merger in 1956. It’s base was formed in Mumbai and since it’s a multinational company, 52% of the shares in the company are held by the main Unilever in United Kingdom. The product categories are the same as aforementioned. HUL employs thousands of employees directly and indirectly and it got its official name in 2007. They started as a small company selling soaps and then emerged as a company that made products for the FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) market. HUL has 6.4 million outlets all over India and many retail outlets and a majority of the Indians use its products be it personal care or foods etc. (unilever, 1976) The major brands in India are its homecare, personal care and food brands but only personal care products will be discussed. A few major personal care products are: Axe Ayush therapy products CLEAR Close Up toothpaste Dove Fair & Lovely Lifebuoy Liri Lakme Pears Rexona Ponds LUX Vas eline Tresemme Pepsodent Sunsilk Hindustan Unilever has innovated marketing of many products that cater to the local market not just in personal care product categories but all the categories which has led it to be one of the trusted companies in India. (Books, 2010) Globalization and its drivers Unilever has been focused on innovation and expanding its size ever since it started out and globalization allows it to achieve its aim. They also focus on developing markets and target bottom of the pyramid consumers as well because they see a great deal of potential in these emerging markets. Unilever is one of the largest consumer goods industries in the world and they carry out large operations and manage large supply chain procedures. They are also focused on catering to consumers and lower their costs and inventory levels by understanding them better. There are three different strategies that one can look to while going global and these are what pose a challenge for most companies. Th ese are aggregation, adaptation and arbitrage. Aggregation is when a company or business standardizes its procedures and business practices either globally or locally or both to take advantage of economies of scale. Adaptation means catering to each market separately in order to meet consumer needs and thus boosting the business

Sensory perception Essay Example for Free

Sensory perception Essay Sensory perception cannot be entirely trusted specifically in terms of knowing what is real from what is not and what is genuine knowledge from what is mere belief for several reasons. For one, the human senses have the tendency to fluctuate in terms of its capacity to perform according to its specific functions (Ross, p. 500). For instance, the ears, when suffering from an ear infection, are highly prone to hear things quite differently. If this is the case, then our sensory perception of hearing through the ears does not have a strong merit for serving as the foundation for knowing the real world and distinguishing those that are not real. It is also the case that human sensory perception varies from person to person. For example, an ageing man may hear the same rustling of leaves or speech of an individual quite differently from a little kid. Or perhaps the same note played in a grand piano may faintly be heard by those with hearing defects but may be clearly be distinguished by the master pianist. These are only a few examples to illustrate the point that human sensory perception varies from person to person, and the list may very well be inexhaustible. This leads us towards the idea that, since human sensory perception greatly varies, it may be quite difficult to reach at a solid agreement among individuals concerning the common understanding of reality. Although there may be attempts to resolve such a crisis, the very fact that human sensory perception differs inhibit human beings from arriving at the bottom of the issue. Yet it cannot be doubted that, when asked about what is real from what is not, the tendency of the individual is to rely on sensory perception (Walton, p. 557). One can defend the idea that ‘this’ pencil is ‘real’ because the individual is able to see and touch the pencil. There are many other ways in order to provide possible arguments that support the idea that sensory perception grants human beings an access to reality and a corresponding awareness of it. While it may be true that the individual is able to see and old the pencil does it guarantee the individual that, indeed, the pencil is real? One is to be reminded that our eyes sometimes suffer from a blurring of vision and that our skin has the tendency to be sensitive or numb or somewhere between depending on the external environment and on the internal bodily processes the individual is experiencing. Apparently, sensory perception gives one experiences of one’s external environment and that these experiences may correspond to an actual object existing in the external environment of the individual (Brown, p. 336). If this is the case, then it is also probable that the object perceived through the senses may exist. Nevertheless, whether or not the object perceived exists in the external environment, the question remains: can sensory perception be trusted? With the idea of trusting the senses, we are directed towards the notion that the senses provide a way for the perceiving individual to ‘sense’ an object outside of one’s system (Sorabji, p. 60). It can be asserted that the senses provide the individual with sensory experiences such as the color and smell of the object, the quality of hotness or coldness and many others. The idea can further be stretched by arguing that, without the senses, the brain will have no way of accepting data from the external objects. But how is one to know what is real from what is mere hallucination? Correspondingly, how is one to know that one’s senses are giving an impression of a defective data offered by the impaired visual senses, for instance? The foundation for the refutation against the credibility of the senses rests on the idea that the senses of human beings are open to impairments and oftentimes prone to the trickery of the external environment. For example, mirages tend to trick the human eye and, consequently, the human understanding and the larger sphere of human knowledge. What appears to be a small patch of water in the middle of a scorching desert is the visual effect of heat on sand from afar. Unless the individual decides to get closer to the source of the desert ‘mirage’ can one be able to fully discern the idea that the eyes do not give us what is really the case. This case holds highly probable for the individual. The larger aspect of the faulty functioning of the senses can all the more be observed in terms of two or more individuals. Take for example the case of two individuals and a small piece of freshly baked bread. Assume that the first individual is one who lives in a warm region while the other individual lives near the fringes of Alaska. The first individual may very well claim that the freshly baked bread is not quiet hot while the Alaskan may very well claim that the bread is warm for the reason that the former is used to a warm environment while the latter lives in an environment where a little heat is easily detected by the skin. Or let one assume that the opposite case is true for the two individuals—either way, it can be observed that there is a difference in the way both individuals have ‘experienced’ the bread in terms of its hotness or coldness. The instance where there are variations in the manner in which individuals tend to have a sensory experience on the warmness or coldness of objects is one proof that, when applied to the larger context of humanity, there can hardly be any precise and unchanging sensory experience for the same object. While it may be true that humanity can generalize an object as either warm or cold, it nevertheless remains that it does not guarantee that all of the individuals have experienced one and the same degree of warmness or coldness of the object given the fact that the specific human anatomy widely varies from person to person although individuals may have the same general anatomy of, say, the head composed of the skull, eye sockets, teeth, etc. The point is that, although two, three, or a couple of individuals may agree that this or that object is ‘warm’, there is hardly any coherent and precise sensory perception that unifies all of human sensory experience on the same object or event at its most detailed form. This contention leads one to the consequent argument that sensory perception cannot be trusted and that these variations in human sensory experience fail to provide a substantial account for what is real from what is not. Why can’t sensory perception be trusted even if there are wide variations and disagreements on human sensory experiences? The answer to this question rests on the idea that human knowledge is a very critical aspect in the lives and progress of humanity. Since the daily experiences of human beings pretty much contribute to and define their knowledge of the external world, a corrupted sensory experience may lead to knowledge founded on false assumptions or beliefs. Further, if the wide variations in sensory experiences will serve as the basis for human knowledge, then it is not a farfetched idea that it will result to multiple interpretations and, consequently, multiple forms of knowledge on the same object or event. All the knowledge in the world becomes relative to the numerous individuals asserting their own stand on what knowledge is; knowledge becomes equally proportional to the total number of individuals advocating their own ‘knowledge’. If this is the case, can the separate notions of ‘knowledge’ correspond to a genuine knowledge? Or does it give the guarantee that all of these knowledge claims are sound and valid even though one or two of these knowledge claims come into conflict? The argument is clear: sensory perception cannot be trusted due to its dire effects on the epistemological exploits of humanity inasmuch as there is the primary concern or need for a true and genuine knowledge that transcends individual interpretations and relative sensory experiences. The seemingly ‘imperfect’ condition of the human sensory organs contributes in large parts to the disruptions in the corresponding sensory experiences. This ‘imperfect’ state should all the more prompt the rational mind to do away with trusting sensory perception as a guaranteed medium for obtaining knowledge and in understanding reality. Works Cited Brown, Kevin L. Dating Adam Smiths Essay Of the External Senses. Journal of the History of Ideas 53. 2 (1992): 336. Ross, Peter W. Qualia and the Senses. The Philosophical Quarterly 51. 205 (2001): 500. Sorabji, Richard. Aristotle on Demarcating the Five Senses. The Philosophical Review 80. 1 (1971): 60. Walton, William M. Is Existence a Valid Philosophical Concept? A Metaphysical Approach. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 12. 4 (1952): 557.

Role of HR managers in Recruitment and Selection

Role of HR managers in Recruitment and Selection To analyse the role of HR managers in Recruitment and Selection, it essential to firstly understand what is Recruitment and Selection, in what ways does it affect the goals of the organisations. When an employee leaves an organisation, it affects not only the organisation but also the individual employee and society as a whole (Mobley, 1982, p. 15- 31, cited in Morrell et al., 2001, p. 220). The productivity and efficiency of organisations depend upon the quality of their workforce or human capital and there is a general agreement that its fixed capital is relatively increasing (Wolf and Jenkins, 2006). The HR managers should develop strategic methods for Recruitment and Selection. Schmitt and Chan (1998:239), defined the goals of strategic HRM, to acquire deploy and allocate human resources in ways that provide the organisation with a competitive advantage (Wolf and Jenkins, 2006). Recruitment and Selection is one of the element of an array of HR practices that needs to be integrate d into a coherent bundle by organisations in order to support the delivery of cooperate strategy. Recruitment and Selection is the main function of Human Resourcing in organisations (Newell and Rice, 1999, cited in Millmore, 2003, p. 8). Recruitment and Selection as The processes by which organizations solicit, contact, and interest potential appointees, and then establish whether it would be appropriate to appoint any of them (Watson, 1994, p.185 cited in Bratton and Gold, 1999, p.192). Recruitment involves the utilization of organisational practices to influence the number and types of individuals who are willing to apply for job vacancies (Rynes, 1991; Rynes Cable, 2003). Recruitment can focus on internal labour market (like pursuing staff already employed by the organization) or external labour market (like pursuing applicants from outside the organization). Internal candidates can be recruited through internal job postings, word-of-mouth or internship programs. (Casper) Organisations are undergoing changes in terms of expansion-beyond the local to national and international frontiers. Therefore, recruitment and selection processes used by organisations are becoming more sophisticated. Selection is a process through which a firm chooses an applicant from a pool of applicants for a post, within the organisation by using techniques to decide which applicant is best suited for the vacancy in question by contrast recruitment involves choosing an applicant from an ex ternal pool by actively soliciting applications from potential employees. Recruitment is a positive activity where the employers sell themselves into the labour market to increase the pool of deserving candidates, from which employees are chosen. Selection can be viewed as a negative activity as it involves choosing the best candidate. The goal of recruitment and selection processes is to judge the psychological difference between individuals and its relationship to following job performance. The recruitment and selection process has two main characteristics attraction which determines how an individual becomes an applicant it signifies the two-way power relationship involved in selection and assessment which refers to assessment of application within a work context this is done by using tools like references, curriculum vitas, autobiographical application blanks, interviews, personality psychometric tests and work-sample methods (Searle, 2003). Assessment of suitability for organi sational needs reflect priorities in an employers agenda, rather than a potential employees concerns (Schuler et al., 1993, cited in Ramsay et al., 1999, p. 65). In the 1980s, major changes took place in regards to HR practices within the organisations. This was a result of increasing awareness and impact of HR on the firms. During this period the HR policies emerged as a lever for organisations, assisting them in repositioning or strengthening, their place within a particular sector. As a part of resultant changes, selection and recruitment processes were recognised as critical components in successful change management (Iles and Salaman, 1995, p. 203). The integration and internal consistency of HR systems is important for organisational success (Legge, 1995). Recruitment and Selection is one of the tools within the HR strategy. For an HR manager hiring competent people is of paramount importance which can be attained by using effective recruitment and selection processes, with the goal of choosing the right candidate and rejecting the wrong. For example: The Telebank case study (Korczynski et al., 1999, cited in Callaghan and Thompson, 2002), reflects a shift in trend from manufacturing to service sector contribution in the overall economy. In service sector, work and empathy towards the customer plays a prime role in recruitment and other HR processes. Its therefore important for the HR Manager to recruit a staff with the desired attitudinal and behavioural characteristics, induct them in the companys philosophy and retain them. As an HR Manager it is essential to note that selection frequently focuses on attitudes to flexibility and service to customer than skill or qualification levels of the candidate (Redman and Mathews, 1998, p. 60 cited in Callaghan and Thompson, 2002). Also attracting good talent me ans increase in remuneration rate, better pay package, working conditions, job security and internal career mapping (Arthur, 1994; Appelbaum et al., 2000; Batt et al., 2002, cited in Smith et al., 2004). Bach (2008) defines Recruitment as the process of attracting people who might make an organizational contribution to fill a particular role or job. Approaches to Recruitment: Internal Recruitment: Most of the private sector employers, attempt to fill vacancies internally before they consider looking for people outside the organisation (Newell and Shackleton 2000, p. 116, CIPD 2003b, p. 11). Public sector is open to advertising both internally and externally. Fuller and Huber (1998, p. 621) have identified four different forms of internal recruitment activities namely, internal promotions, lateral transfers, job rotation, re-hiring former employees. This is profitable for both the employees and the organisations. Internal recruitment is cost effective and firms do not have to advertise jobs, it can be done by using intranet services, newsletters and staff notice boards. It helps in boosting the morale of the employee, building a strong internal labour force. The organisation also maximises its return on investment in staff training, by bringing in increased motivation, deepened skills and high level of commitment, providing the organisation with a competit ive edge leading to organisational effectiveness. Selection is done on the basis of the individuals merit and knowledge. The organisations express their models of employee characteristics and the behaviour required of potential employees through competency frameworks (Roberts, 1997). These frameworks help the organisations to recruit and select the suitable people through sophisticated techniques. There are certain negative aspects of internal recruitment as well; if all the recruitment to all the positions is done internally, it would lead to stagnation, there would be lack of originality and a fall in the organisations knowledge base. It might so happen that the best suited candidate for the job is not currently working for the organisation. Internal recruitment adds to the long term imbalances of the workforce, the ethnic minorities who are not well represented will be subjected to inequality. IRS (2002d) highlights a problematic feature of internal recruitment; it includes the n eed of managing of situations in which candidates are unsuccessful. Turning down external candidates would not cause a problem instead turning down internal candidates would create a difficult situation which then needs careful management. Exclusive use of internal recruitment is less common in the public sector organisations, as they believe in advertising all vacancies externally. They do so because they at all levels want to reflect that their staffs reflect the make-up of the whole society. For example NHS and local governments advertise their jobs in newspapers. (Storey, 2007). External Recruitment: there are lots of different approaches used to attract prospective candidates, more conventional than the other. There are five formal methods used for most of the jobs, these are, Printed media which includes national newspapers, local newspapers, trade and professional journals, magazines. External agencies which includes job centres, outplacement consultants, head-hunters, employment agencies, Forces Resettlement Agency, Recruitment consultants. Education Liaison consists of careers service, career fairs, college tutors, career advisors, student societies. Other media includes direct mail, local radio, teletext, billboards, internet, TV and cinema. Professional contacts consist of conferences, trade union referrals, suppliers, industry contacts. There are some other methods that can be used such as word of mouth or grapevine. These are cost effective as well. A lot of considerations must be taken into mind before deciding which method to use. For example, it would be inappropriate to advertise for an engineer in a medical journal. Another consideration is the number of applicants each method can yield and the ability of the personnel specialists to administer them effectively. For example, opening a new store would lead in creation of hundreds of new jobs. There is a new method of external recruitment known as E- recruitment or Internet Recruitment. In the first few years of the 21st century it has been noticed that there is an expansion to include vacancies in all work areas over the internet. Over 70 percent of employers were advertising some jobs on the internet in 2003 (CIPD 2003b, p15). The web based recruitment has changed the way the recruitment industry operates, it is a revolutionary development. Internet Recruitmen t is of four different forms, namely, Employer websites it involves maintaining pages of vacancy as a part of their organisations websites. They are cheap to operate for the employee and provide numerous options to the organisation in choosing its employee. This method has drawbacks as well, this approach this viable for large- sized employers within defined labour markets, medium or small scale employers will not benefit from this approach. Cyber agencies involve making use of specialist employment agencies that operates on the web, well known examples are Monster.com. They advertise the jobs as well as undertake short listing on behalf of employers depending on the CVs sent by candidates. Schreyer and McCarter (1998, p. 222) stated that in time a handful of highly sophisticated, international operations will emerge and carry general job vacancies on behalf of the industrialised world. Jobsites linked to newspapers and journals includes all recruitment-based websites that runs parallel with job based operations, for example, London Evening Standard. These sites publish jobs which have already been published in newspapers and journals. The advantage of this is that the job seekers can directly reach the employers site via hotlink, send an e-mail and search for vacancies in the job bank. Jobsites operated by employment agencies includes employment agents developing a formidable web presence. The job seekers register with these agencies and browse vacancies using the search engine. The government also advertises its vacancies on the internet via its Learning and Work Bank. Employee Recruitment and selection is one of the key functions of a manager. The manager has to take the decision whether to recruit internally or externally. WERS survey questioned managers whether internal applicants are given more preference over external applicants while filling vacancies. The majority of the managers responded that both external and internal applicants were treated equally, 10percent preferred external applicants where as one-fifth preferred internal applicants. Large workplaces which consisted of more than 100 employees preferred internal applicants than smaller workplaces. Private sector workplaces preferred internal applicants in comparison to the public sector workplace who preferred recruiting external applicants. This association held for after controlling for workplace size. Managers preferring to recruit internally was unchanged during 1998 to 2004. HR practices being outsourced is an increasing phenomenon these days. Recruitment and Selection has become one of the outsourced HR practices, depending on the size of the firm. For example: Andrea Ordanini Giacomos article is based on outsourcing the decisions of Recruitment and Selection. They stated that an efficient model based on competitive motivations, transaction cost economy was formed and was tested in 276 organisations both medium and large. It was found that both efficiency motivations and competitive issues are important. Selection is the process by which managers and others use specific instruments to choose from a pool of applicants a person or persons most likely to succeed in the job(s), given management goals and legal requirement (Bratton and Gold, 2003, p. 221). There are two key principles underlying the process of selection, they are individual differences, a way of measuring how one individual is distinct from other. They may differ in terms of intelligence, skills, age, experience, etc. Then is prediction, which recognises that individual differences may be a measure of predicting performance at workplace. Interview is the most common method of selection, as shown in Figure 2 below. However, firms are realising the importance of selection and are applying other methods to bring in effectiveness to the process. Smith and Graves (2002) have highlighted that there are concerns expressed in the literature about the usage of traditional interview methods. Along with the interview, other methods like application forms and letters of reference are used which is referred as the classic trio by Cook (1994, p. 15). Viewed from a psychometric perspective three criterias are applied to measure the effectiveness of the selection tool (Bratton and Gold, 2007, p. 258). These are validity, concerns the degree of appropriateness of what is being measured, reliability which focuses on accuracy of the data and lastly, usefulness. Validity can be defined as the agreement between a test score or measure and the quantity it is believed to measure (Kaplan and Saccuzzo, 2001, p. 32). The definition emphasises on what does the test offer to measure and what it really measures. Validity may also depend upon the purpose of the test. For example, the Myers Briggs Type Indicator is a personality-assessment test but is stated that it is a valid test only for development purposes. Validity is a difficult issue to prove, there are four ways to identify validity: face validity, content validity, construct validity and criterion-related validity. Out of these types of validity the most important is the predictive or criterion- related validity. It involves establishing relation between predictors and the criterion.Face validity is important for people who are taking the test; it depends on the appearance of the test. The test-takers have put in their time and effort to get a job and therefore, should feel satisfied by the assessment and feel it was relevant. It may sometimes have an adverse effect on the test- users who keep deciding which tool to use for selection. Sometimes without accessing the entire information through the manual handbooks about the test, the test-user makes a decision depending upon how the test looks. It may therefore provide false validity and may prove to be a distraction. Content validity is concerned with accuracy of the theory it covers. It is found in attainment, when a person is required to display their knowledge or skills in a particular area. For example, a test assessing competence of a Personnel Manager would be expected to include items taken from Human resource syllabus. Content validity is the only form of validity which is based on logical information. There are two problems of content validity namely, content under- representation, that is when an important component or information relevant to the theory is omitted. The second issue is construct- irrelevant variance that is contaminating the conceptual domain by components which are not relevant.Construct validity was introduced by Cronbach and Meehl (1955) when they stated that underlying each test there is a construct that gets assessed. It assumes that anything can be defined and measured. All the information regarding the definition of the topic that is being assessed and the develop ment procedure for the test should be present in the test manual. The test manual shows the composition of the test and also defines the population used for comparisons. An advantage of construct validity is that the tools occupy a conceptual domain; it is entirely based on theory. The new construction methods use Item Response Theory (IRT). In this theory the test must measure an underlying construct, it should be uni-dimensional, but it does not specify what construct it is or what construct it must be (Schimidt et.al., 2000). Criterion-related validity states what is being measured to an external criterion. It can be assessed in two different ways, namely, concurrent validity and predictive validity. Concurrent validity can be checked by assessing the test- takers performance, at that particular time in the test as they undertake another assessment. It deals with current level of individuals performance. This assessment is based on the validity of both the test and verifies the validity of the criterion. For example Eyesenck Personality Test. Predictive validity emphasises on the future and assesses the person to reveal the connection between the initial result and the latter outcome, at two separate points. This is an important tool for identifying individuals suitable for promotion to senior roles. Reliability mainly refers to the stability of a method used to select individuals. There are many types of reliability out of which three are the most important one in relation to selection methods. First being Testee reliability that is the test should provide the same result overtime. Then comes Tester reliability, it states that if one individual is interviewed by two different people and they both have different opinions about him, that is if one is satisfied and the other is not. It can be concluded that the selection method is not reliable. Thirdly, Test reliability states that there should be consistency in the results. Interview being the most common method of selection which has been noticed above, but research shows that other methods are used in combination with it. The pre- selection method starts first with application forms, CVs and sometimes biographical data consisting of individuals experiences and achievements. It has been noticed that bio datas improve validity. Gathering CVs through internet also improves the early screening process. The other methods used in selection are Interviews it may be structured or unstructured interviews, psychological tests which includes cognitive tests, personality tests, assessment centres which includes interviews, psychometric tests, stimulation of actual work tasks in order to observe job-related behaviours (Cooper and Robertson, 1995). Conclusion Smith (1994) differentiated between three forms of individual characteristics that relate to job performance: universals which refers to characteristics relevant to all jobs; occupational which refers to characteristics preferable to a particular job or occupation; and lastly relationals it refers to characteristics relevant in a particular work setting. This structure suggests that it is necessary to match characteristics of individuals with the characteristics of the particular work setting. Research has shown that people who fit in the work setting are more committed and satisfied compared to people who do not fit. (OReilly et al.1991). Thus recruitment and selection process is of utmost importance. Organisations have now got the ability to construct appropriate models for recruitment and selection by using reliable and valid techniques. Recruitment and selection are the first stage of interaction between organisations and applicants, which forms the employment relationship. (Brat ton and Gold,1999,p.207). Recruitment and selection are a part of the broader process of socialisation. Selectors should be aware of how well particular methods predict future performance (their validity) and of different methods cost, accuracy of tests. Growing awareness of the potential contribution of HR practices to business strategy (Guest and King, 2004) may increase organisational receptiveness to HR involvement (Wolf and Jenkins, 2006). Finally, I would like to conclude by saying that both the methods of recruitment, internal and external are important for the functioning of the organisation and also depends upon the size of the organisation. From the above argument we get a clear picture that managers should be very strategic. They should look at the validity and reliability of every method of selection. For example: we cannot use only CVs to recruit a middle manager. REFERENCES: Bach, S. (2008) Managing Human Resources: Personnel Management in Transition. 4th edition. Blackwell Publishing, UK Boxall, P. and Purcell, J. (2008) Strategy and Human Resource Management. 2nd edition. Palgrave Macmillan, New York Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (1999) Human Resource Management Theory and Practice. 2nd edition. Palgrave Macmillan, New York Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2003) Human Resource Management Theory and Practice. 3rd edition. Palgrave Macmillan, New York Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2007) Human Resource Management Theory and Practice. 4th edition. Palgrave Macmillan, New York Callaghan, G. and Thompson, P. (2002) We recruit attitude: The selection and shaping of routine call centre labour, Journal of Management Studies: 39(2): 233-254 Kersley, B., Alpin, C., Forth, J., Bryson, A., Bewley, H., Dix, D., Oxenbridge, S. (2007) Inside the workplace: Findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey. Oxon: Routledge Millmore, M. (2003) Just how extensive is the practice of strategic recruitment and selection, Irish Journal of Management, 24(1): 87-108 Morrell, K., Loan-Clarke, J. and Wilkinson, A. (2001) Unweaving Leaving: the use of models in the management of employee turnover, International Journal of Management Reviews, 3(3): 5-22 Nolan, P. (1992) Securing human resources: Employer strategies and the labour market, in E. Thorne (ed.) The Challenge of the Economic Environment, Open University Press Ordanini, A. and Silvestri, G. (2008) Recruitment and selection services: efficiency and competitive reasons in the outsourcing of HR practices, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19,2, pp 372-391 Ramsay, H. and Scholarios, D. (1999) Selective decisions: Challenging orthodox analyses of the hiring process, International Journal of Management Reviews, 1(4): 63-89 Searle, R. (2003) Selection and Recruitment A critical text, Milton Keynes: The Open University 1st edition: Palgrave Macmillan: UK Smith, C., Daskalaki, M, Elger, T. and Brown, D. (2004) Labour turnover and management retention strategies in new manufacturing plants, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(2): 371-396 Storey, J. (2007) Human Resource Management a critical text. 3rd edition. Thomson Learning, London Taylor, S. (2005) People Resourcing. 3rd edition CIPD, London Torrington, D., Hall, L., and Taylor S. (2002) Human Resource Management. 5th edition. FT Prentice Hall, England Wolf, A. and Jenkins, A. (2006) Explaining greater test use for selection: the role of HR professionals in a world of expanding regulation, Human Resource Management Journal, 16(2): 193-213